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biology a level OCR > cellular control > Flashcards

cellular control Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a mutation

A

random changes in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell that leads to the introduction of variation

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2
Q

what is the function of the Lac Operon

A

an example of a regulatory mechanism at the transcriptional level (i.e. a regulatory mechanism that occurs during transcription)

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3
Q

what is a gene mutation

A

a random change to the base sequence of DNA

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4
Q

where can mutations happen

A
  • somatic cells
  • gametes
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5
Q

gametes (mutation in gametes)

A
  • present in egg or sperm
  • can be inherited
  • causes cancer family syndrome
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6
Q

somatic cells (mutation in somatic cells)

A
  • non - gamete tissue
  • cannot be inherited
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7
Q

what are the 2 types of mutation

A
  • point mutations/substitutions
  • insertion/deletions (or indel mutations)
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8
Q

what is a point mutation/substitution

A

one base pair replaces another. Otherwise known as a substitution.

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9
Q

what is insertion/deletion (or indel mutations)

A

one or more nucleotides are inserted, or deleted from a length of DNA, this may cause a frame shift.

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10
Q

what is the difference between the coding and template strands in DNA

A
  • nucleotides, add on to a template strand.
  • mRNA, is the same as the coding strand.
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11
Q

what is translation

A

mRNA, is used, to put the amino acids in the correct order during protein synthesis.

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12
Q

what is silent mutation

A

a mutation where the same amino acid is coded for using a different triplet thus meaning there are no consequences.

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13
Q

what is a missense mutation

A

one base change, leads to a different amino acid being made. The impact this had, depends on the amino aid that is being made.

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14
Q

what is nonsense mutation

A

one point mutation which leads to a stop codon. Therefore, stopping the production of the polypeptide.

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15
Q

what is a frameshift mutation

A
  • a deletion
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16
Q

what are 3 categories of mutations

A
  • beneficial
  • neutral
  • harmful
17
Q

what is a beneficial mutation

A

different alleles, e.g. paler skin enables vitamin D to be made whilst black skin has more melatonin thus protecting from skin cancer.

18
Q

what is a neutral mutation

A
  • inability to smell certain flowers
  • different shaped ear lobes
19
Q

what is a harmful mutation

A
  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy (nonsense mutation)
20
Q

what is an activator

A

starts transcription

21
Q

what is a repressor

A

stops/prevents transcription

22
Q

what does the regulatory gene do (repressor)

A

stops transcription

23
Q

what is the function of B galactosidase

A

hydrolyses lactose -> glucose and galactose

24
Q

what is the function of lactose permease

A

allows lactose to enter the bacterial cell

25
Q

why is gene expression so important in eukaryotes

A

controlling gene expression, is important to ensure the correct proteins are being made by the correct cells.

26
Q

what do transcription factors control

A

they control which genes, are switched on or off

27
Q

what do transcription factors bind to

A

specific promotor region

28
Q

what is post transcriptional gene regulation

A

splicing out non-coding intron regions of transcribed mRNA

29
Q

what is alternative splicing

A

genes can be spliced in different ways. Therefore length of DNA can encode more than one protein, depending on how it is spliced

30
Q

what is post translational gene regulation

A
  • modifications, to the proteins or amino acids
  • e.g. adding non protein groups, like lipids or phosphates, forming extra bonds, folding or shortening, modification of cAMP.
31
Q

what is a homeotic gene

A

a large group of genes, that control anatomical development

32
Q

what is a homeobox sequence

A

part of the gene. that codes the homeodomain

33
Q

what is the homeodomain sequence

A

part of a protein, that is shaped in a way, that allows it to bind to DNA and act as a transcription factor.

34
Q

where are homeobox genes found

A

in plants, animals and fungi.

35
Q

what does the term ‘collinearity’ mean

A

hox genes, are activated during development of the embryo. They are expressed, in order, from front to back

36
Q

how are the hox genes regulated

A
  • maternally supplied mRNA, in egg cytoplasm -
37
Q
A

biology a level OCR (32 decks)

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