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biology a level OCR > communicable diseases > Flashcards

communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the four types of organisms that can cause diseases

A
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • Protoctista
  • viruses
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2
Q

what is communicable disease

A

is spread from person to person (infectious)

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3
Q

what are pathogens

A

microorganism that cause disease

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4
Q

how can we reduce the spread of pathogens

A

vaccinations

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5
Q

what are the four things, that pathogens do during there lifecycle

A
  • travel from host to host
  • enter host tissue
  • reproduce
  • leave host tissue
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6
Q

what is direct transmission

A

is where a pathogen is passed on from one individual to another without any intermediate

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7
Q

what is indirect transmission

A

is where pathogens travel from one individual to another via an intermediate (water, food, air, or another organism (vector)

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8
Q

what can effect rate of transmission ( 7 possible reasons)

A
  • Climate change
  • poor ventilation
  • international travel
  • poor health and diet,
  • economic development, and land use e.g., waste disposal
  • human demographics and behaviour (overcrowding and homeless)
  • microbial adaption and change.
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9
Q

why are plants useful host to pathogens

A

due to the supply of carbohydrates, proteins and oils

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10
Q

what is the role of the xylem tissue

A

to transport water and mineral ions, from the roots to other parts of the plant

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11
Q

what is the role of the cambium tissue

A

the layer of actively dividing cells between xylem (wood) and phloem (bast) tissues that is responsible for the secondary growth of stems and roots.

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12
Q

what is the role of the plasmodesmata

A

is a narrow thread of cytoplasm, that passes through the cell wall of adjacent plant cells, and allows them to communicate between each other

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13
Q

what are sieve plates and sieve tubes

A

found in phloem, and allow sucrose and amino acids to travel through (acts like a sieve)

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14
Q

what is cellulose

A

a polysaccharide

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15
Q

what are the toxic chemicals in the xylem called

A

tyloses

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16
Q

what are the brown spots on a plant know as

A

mycosis

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17
Q

what is a primary defence

A

prevents pathogens, from entering the body (non-specific)

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18
Q

what process is skin made by

A

mitosis

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19
Q

what makes mucus

A

goblet cells

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20
Q

what is the role of cilia

A

to waft mucus, up the airways (bronchioles, bronchi, trachea) to be expelled (sneezed or coughed) or digested into the stomach

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21
Q

what are antigens

A

cell surface membranes, that are specific to the organism

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22
Q

what are the two main types of phagocytes

A

neutrophil and macrophages

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23
Q

what comes before macropahges

A

monocytes

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24
Q

how are phagocytes, specialised for their function

A
  • can change shape
  • large amounts of ribosomes, to make proteins, in order to make enzymes, to break down the cells when ingested.
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25
Q

what is humoral

A

when cells are attacking invaders, outside of the cell

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26
Q

what is cell mediated

A

where they are attacking invader inside of the cell

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27
Q

T cells

A

made in the bone marrow are cell mediated and attack outside of the cell

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28
Q

B cells

A

made in the bone marrow, are humoral and made outside of the cell

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29
Q

what do T helper cells do

A

release cytokines which simulates b cells to develop and stimulate phagocytosis in phagocytes.

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30
Q

what do T killer cells do

A

attacks and kills body cells which are injected

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31
Q

what do T memory cells do

A

provide long term immunity after injection

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32
Q

what do T regulator cells do

A

shut down the immune response, once the pathogen has been removed

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33
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

produce antibodies

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34
Q

what are Monokines

A

released by macrophages, these attract neutrophils and can stimulate B cells to divide.

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34
Q

what are Monokines

A

released by macrophages, these attract neutrophils and can stimulate B cells to divide.

35
Q

what are Interleukins

A

produce T cells and macrophages, stimulate proliferation (clonal expansion of B and T cells)

36
Q

what are interferon

A

many cells produce this, it can inhibit virus replication and stimulates T killer cells (cell mediated)

37
Q

why are exchange surfaces more susceptible to pathogens

A

due to having thin exchange surfaces in the airways, in order to allow for diffusion of oxygen into and out of the blood

38
Q

why is coughing, sneezing and vomiting useful

A
  • due to microorganisms and there toxins leading to irritation
  • it is a reflex action to expel air or food
39
Q

what are histamines

A

histamines are released by mast cells and and cause vasodilation to occur, this means that more blood goes to the infected area, and they also make the capillary walls more permeable to white blood cells and proteins.

40
Q

what are antigens

A

cell surface membrane proteins or glycoproteins, that are intrinsic to the plasma membrane ( they are specific to the organism)

41
Q

what are opsonin’s

A

they are proteins, that attach to antigens on surface the surface of pathogens to enable phagocytosis. ( they are a type of antibody, but opsonin’s are not very specific)

42
Q

what are the two main types of phagocyte

A

Neutrophil and macrophages

43
Q

what is the purpose of an antigen presenting cell (APC)

A

to display the pathogen antigens on there surface, in addition they initiate a specific immune response

44
Q

how are phagocytes specialised for their function

A
  • can change shape
  • large amounts of ribosomes to make protein, to make enzymes to break down cells
45
Q

what is clonal selection

A

The process of matching the antigens on an antigen presenting cells with the antigen receptors on B and T lymphocytes.

46
Q

what is clonal expansion

A

The production of many genetically identical daughter cells through cell division of the activated B or T lymphocyte after clonal selection.

47
Q

what is autoimmune disease

A
  • when the immune system attacks a part of the body
  • when antibodies attack our own antigens (sometimes, due to some antigens not normally being exposed)
  • genetic and environmental factors involved
48
Q

be able to understand the summary table on page 37

A

_/

49
Q

what is an opsonin

A

a coat on the surface of the pathogen to increase the chance of phagocytosis

50
Q

what is agglutinin

A

helps to clump pathogens together

51
Q

what is an anti - toxin

A

binds to molecules produced by pathogens, which are toxic, ( they neutralise the toxin)

52
Q

what is lysis

A

lysis, cause the bacteria’s cell membrane to rupture

53
Q

what is meant by the immunological memory

A

the ability to fight the infection, more quickly due to memory cells

54
Q

what are the four different types of immunity

A
  • natural active (NA)
  • artificial active (AA)
  • natural passive (NP)
  • artificial passive (AP)
55
Q

what is herd vaccination

A

when the vaccination of a significant portion of population ( or herd) provides a measure of protection for individuals who have not developed immunity

56
Q

what is ring vaccination

A

a strategy that is used to inhibit the spread of a disease by vaccinating only those who are most likely to be infected

57
Q

what is a attenuated organism

A

A WEAKENED organism that won’t cause disease

58
Q

what are the 7 types of ways we can discover new medicines

A
  • accidental discovery
  • traditional
  • observing wildlife
  • plant research
  • research into disease causing mechanisms
  • personalised medicine
  • synthetic biology
59
Q

what is accidental discovery

A

when a useful compound is found without the initial aim of doing so.

60
Q

what is traditional discovery

A

where people use traditional medicines and remedies that are thousands of years old, using plants and animals.

61
Q

what is observing wildlife

A

observations of animals in there natural habitat to see what plant they appear to use for medicinal purposes

62
Q

what is plant research

A

scientist use traditional remedies and observations of animal behaviour, as a starting point for further more detailed plant research

63
Q

what is research into disease causing mechanism

A

rather than just searching for new chemical compounds, some pharmaceutical companies are conducting research on how the target pathogen actually causes disease

64
Q

what is synthetic biology

A

this process, involves the use of technology to design and make biological molecules including artificial proteins, cells and even microorganisms

65
Q

what are antibiotics

A

antibiotics are medicines that fight infections caused by bacteria in humans and animals by either killing the bacteria or making it difficult for the bacteria to grow and multiply.

66
Q

outline how bacteria are becoming resistant

A

There are two main ways that bacterial cells can acquire antibiotic resistance. One is through mutations that occur in the DNA of the cell during replication. The other way that bacteria acquire resistance is through horizontal gene transfer.

67
Q

how long do neutrophils last

A

around 5 days

68
Q

how long do macrophages last

A

around 2-3 months

69
Q

what does a lobed nuclues help a neturophil to do.

A

to change shape, thus enabling them to squeeze through gaps in the bodies tissue.

70
Q

what does a lobed nucleus help a neutrophil to do

A

to change shape thus being able to squeeze through gaps in the bodies tissue

71
Q

what is the role of cytokines

A

attract (named) phagocytes

72
Q

what is the role of opsonin’s

A

bind to pathogens / foreign cells / antigens and increase phagocytosis / recognition by phagocytes;

73
Q

why can bacteria be killed by antibiotics

A

due to the antibiotics, inhibiting specific bacterial metabolic pathways.

74
Q

how do fungi reproduce

A

by sending out reproductive hyphae

75
Q

name the 3 bacteria

A
  • tuberculosis
  • bacterial meningitis
  • ring rot
76
Q

name the 3 viruses

A
  • HIV/AIDS
  • influenza
  • tobacco mosaic virus
77
Q

name the 2 Protoctista

A
  • malaria
  • potato/tomato late blight
78
Q

name the 3 fungi

A
  • black sigatoka
  • ringworm
  • athletes foot
79
Q

what are terpenoids

A

a range of essential oils, that have antibacterial and antifungal properties. They also produce a scent.

80
Q

what are phenols

A
  • these have antibiotic and antifungal properties.
  • tannins, found in bark inhibit insect attack by binding to salivary proteins and digestive enzymes.
81
Q

what are alkaloids

A

nitrogen containing compounds, with a bitter taste to inhibit herbivore feeding They also inhibit enzyme activity and key metabolic process such as protein synthesis.

82
Q

what are defensive proteins

A
  • small cysteine - rich proteins, with board anti-microbial activity.
  • act on molecules in the plasma membrane of pathogens, inhibiting ion transport channels.
83
Q

what are hydrolytic enzymes

A

found in spaces between cells and can digest key structural components of pathogens

84
Q

what is the general structure of an antibody

A

biology a level OCR (32 decks)

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