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biology a level OCR > hormonal communication > Flashcards

hormonal communication Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an exocrine

A
  • have ducts
  • secrete enzymes into the ducts which opens into the body cavity e.g. small intestine, stomach etc.
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2
Q

what is an endocrine

A
  • ductless gland
  • secrete hormones into blood stream
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3
Q

what is the definition of a hormone

A
  • chemical messenger (cell - signalling molecule)
  • produced by endocrine gland
  • travels in blood plasma
  • from gland to their target organ -> specific target
  • released in small concentrations + have widespread and long lasting effects.
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4
Q

what are the two types of hormones

A
  • non - steroid (protein and amine)
  • steroids
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5
Q

what is a non - steroid hormone

A
  • water soluble (hydrophilic) + polar
  • do not enter cells
  • bind to specific receptors on the plasma membrane
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6
Q

what is a steroid hormone

A
  • lipid soluble (hydrophobic) + non polar
  • diffuse, directly through the phospholipid bilayer + bind to complementary receptors, inside the cell
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7
Q

how can one hormone, have different effects on different targets

A
  • different receptors may be present
  • second messenger may activate different channels/enzymes
  • different secondary messengers, may be activated
  • second messenger level may increase or decrease within the cell
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8
Q

describe how adrenaline controls heart rate

A
  • binds to a G protein coupled receptor, on a plasma membrane of SAN cells in the heart.
  • adenyl cyclase activated which converts ATP -> cAMP
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9
Q

describe how steroid hormones move through the bilayer

A
  • dissolves through phospholipid bilayer
  • binds to a complementary receptor in the cytoplasm
  • forms a hormone receptor complex (HRC)
  • HRC acts as a transcription factor
  • transcription factors, either assist or inhibit the expression of a certain gene
  • if the transcriptions factor promotes gene expression a new protein could be produced.
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10
Q

which responses, are faster, hormonal or neuronal

A

neuronal

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11
Q

what is an endocrine gland

A

a ductless gland, that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream.

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12
Q

give 4 examples of steroid hormones

A
  • testosterone
  • oestrogen
  • cortisol
  • insulin
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13
Q

give 4 examples of non - steroid hormones

A
  • adrenaline
  • ADH
  • glucagon
  • insulin
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14
Q

explain why steroid hormones can pass easily through the plasma membrane but other protein hormones cannot

A

steroid hormones, are lipid soluble (hydrophobic + non polar) thus meaning they can dissolve through the phospholipid bilayer

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15
Q

what are the 3 outer layers of the adrenal gland

A
  • zone glomerulus
  • zone fasciculata
  • zone reticulosis
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16
Q

what is the function of the Zona glomerulosa

A
  • acts on cells in the collecting duct + diastral conculcated tubule in the nephron
  • increases sodium uptake back into blood stream
  • increase water potential of blood
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17
Q

what is the function of the Zona fasciculata

A
  • controls metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the liver.
  • causes glycogenesis
  • causes an increase in blood glucose levels
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18
Q

what is the function of the Zona reticularis

A
  • androgens are converted into sex hormones
  • e.g. testosterone + oestrogen
  • ( secondary sexual characteristics)
19
Q

describe the action of adrenaline on the liver cells

A
  • the hormone adrenaline is hydrophilic -> cannot pass directly through plasma membrane
  • it binds to the receptor on the surface of the cell -> complementary shape
  • the G protein binds to and activates adenylyl cyclase enzyme
  • this converts ATP into the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP)
  • this activates other enzymes - protein kinases which activate other enzymes (cascade effect)
  • this leads to a response -> glycogen broken down to glucose
20
Q

why can adrenaline have such a long effect if adrenaline only stays in the blood stream for 1-3 minutes

A

adrenaline, can be secreted continuously by the adrenal gland, over a long period of time.

21
Q

what stimulus leads to an increased secretion of insulin

A
  • high blood glucose levels
22
Q

state the two specific ion channels that span the cell membrane of the beta cells

A
  • K+ channels
  • calcium channels
23
Q

why must blood sugar levels not get too high

A

to high blood sugar levels, will result in dehydration

24
Q

why must blood glucose not get low

A
  • starving the body of glucose leads to reduced production in ATP, which in turn can lead to a loss of bodily functions, e.g. drowsiness’s.
25
Q

how many types of diabetes are there

A

2

26
Q

what is type 1 diabetes - insulin dependent diabetes

A
  • autoimmune disease
  • immune system destroys pancreatic B - cells, no insulin, therefore muscle/ liver cells have no glycogen stores.
27
Q

what is type 2 diabetes - non - insulin dependent diabetes

A
  • insulin, produced, but it does not bind to receptor.
  • receptors has changed shape.
28
Q

islets of Langerhans (endocrine)

A
  • lightly stained
  • large spherical clusters
  • produce and secrete hormones
29
Q

pancreatic acini (exocrine)

A
  • darker stained
  • small, berry like clusters
  • produce and secrete digestive enzymes.
30
Q

what are the risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes

A
  • obesity
  • lack of exercise
  • high sugar diet
  • genetic component
31
Q

what are the symptoms of diabetes

A
  • BGL remains high from a long time after a meal.
  • glucose loss in urine
  • dehydration
  • no glycogen stores, therefore to high blood glucose levels between meals
32
Q

what is an example of a past diabetes treatment

A
  • insulin extracted from animal pancreas e.g. pigs
33
Q

what is one advantage and one disadvantage of past diabetes treatment

A
  • tried and tested method (A)
  • needs to purified (D)
34
Q

what is an example of current insulin treatment

A

genetically modifying bacteria to produce human insulin

35
Q

what is one advantage and one disadvantage of current diabetes treatment

A
  • less risk of allergic reaction (A)
  • side effects of pump ( such as hared lumps under the skin) (D)
36
Q

what is a example of future diabetes treatment

A

transplant of pancreas

37
Q

what is one advantage and one disadvantage of future diabetes treatment

A
  • patient can now produce insulin, so more physiological control of BGL (blood glucose levels) (A)
  • not enough pancreases available due to donor shortage (D)
38
Q

what is transplant of pancreatic stem cell - derived pancreatic islet cells

A

pluripotent stem cells, can differentiate into B - cells and increase the mass of the islets and increase the secretion of insulin

39
Q

what is immunotherapy

A

pluripotent stem cells can also protect B - cells from autoimmune attack by inhibiting T - cell proliferation and reduce the inflammatory response.

40
Q

what is gene therapy

A

there are opportunities to use genetic modification to provide enhanced endocrine function and survival and modulate the immune response.

41
Q

what is developmental biology

A

opportunities, to study the function and longevity of human islet cells with varied genotypes, and develop new drugs for treatment.

42
Q

what is the main treatment for type 2 diabetes

A
  • lifestyle change
  • losing weight
  • regular exercise
  • healthy, balanced diet
43
Q
A

biology a level OCR (32 decks)

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