Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology a level OCR > manipulating genomes > Flashcards

manipulating genomes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a genome

A

all of the DNA, of an organism including the genes, that carry all the information for making different proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the term genome technology mean

A

investigate - PCR, electrophoresis, gene, DNA sequencing
profiling
- Manipulative genetic emerging and gene therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when might PCR technology be useful?

A

in order to make DNA in a crime scene (forensics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the names of the units, that make up DNA?

A

nucleuotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the complementary base pairs

A
  • A + T
  • G + C
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the backbones (of DNA) run in opposite directions. what is the term we use for this?

A

antiparallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

A

a biomedical technology, that can be used to amplify a short length of DNA, into thousands of millions of copies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 4 stages of PCR (basic)

A
  • stage 1 - add the ingredients
  • stage 2 - heat to 95 degrees.
  • stage 3 - cool to 68 degrees
  • stage 4 - heat to 72 degrees
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why is TAQ polymerase used in PCR?

A
  • Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium, adapted to live in hot springs
  • therefore, they do not denature at high temperatures (95 degrees)
  • thus meaning, we can recycle the DNA polymerase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how is PCR different, to natural DNA replication

A
  • only short sequences, up to 10,000 bp (base pairs) can be replicated, not entire chromosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is electrophoresis

A

separation of DNA fragments, depending on their size. Can also be used, to sperate proteins by size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 3 components of electrophoresis

A
  • agarose gel plate
  • electrodes
  • alkaline buffer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the purpose of the agarose gel plate

A

the smaller fragments, are able to travel further through the agarose gel, due to having a lower resistance to flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the purpose of electrodes

A

at either end of the electrophoresis tank, as DNA will move towards the anode, as it has an overall negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the purpose of the alkaline buffer

A
  • there to keep PH in a narrow range,
  • contains ions, that allow conductions of charge.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a restriction enzyme

A

cuts up DNA, at specific recognition sites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

give 2 uses of electrophoresis

A
  • find the mother or farther of a child
  • forensics evidence from a crime scene.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

explain why the DNA sample is first treated with restriction enzymes

A

to cut the DNA into fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why do smaller fragments travel faster through the gel

A

lighter, less resistance to flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the loading dye

A

heavy, in order to sink to the bottom of the well and coloured, to allow you see the DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the possible ways, other than the use of Dye, in which DNA, can be visualised after electrophoresis

A
  • x - rays
  • UV - light
  • photographic film
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of the buffer solution (electrolyte)

A

keeps a narrow PH range, provides ions that allows the conduction of charge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is one of the main problems, when separating proteins by Electrophoresis (SDS)

A
  • some proteins, have a mix of a positive and negative surface charge, or a positive charge, which means they are not attracted to the anode.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the solution to the problem of Electrophoresis

A
  • heat protein in order to denature the protein, and expose the hydrophobic region.
  • add a negatively charge surface via SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

give examples of when one may use SDS

A
  • sickle cell anaemia, detect haemoglobin S protein, instead normal.
  • thalassemia, leukaemia and aplastic anaemia , all have higher quantities of foetal haemoglobin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a DNA probe?

A

a short single stranded piece of DNA (around 50 - 80 nucleotides long) that can bind (anneal) to a section of DNA being investigated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how can DNA probes be labelled

A
  • use a radioactive marker (32P) (use film, to detect it’s presence)
  • use a fluorescent marker (emits colour upon exposure, to UV light.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe how a DNA probe works

A
  • if a complementary sequence of DNA, is present the probe, will anneal to it.
  • the radioactive/ fluorescent markers, allows us to detect it’s presence.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is meant by annealing?

A

where two complementary DNA strands, join through the formation of H bonds.

25
Q

how does a DNA microarray work?

A
  • when a number of DNA probes, are placed on a fixed surface.
  • DNA, for testing, is applied and if complementary for it is present, then it will anneal and be fixed to the probe
26
Q

define a restriction enzyme (endonuclease)

A

an enzyme, that is used to cut DNA, at a specific recognition site (extracted from bacterial cells)

27
Q

what is a restriction site?

A

certain sites, where DNA is cut.

28
Q

what is DNA sequencing

A

working out the order of bases in DNA

29
Q

what are the 3 methods of DNA sequencing

A
  • chain termination method (or sanger sequencing).
  • high throughput sequencing.
  • genome sequencing.
30
Q

what is in the reaction mixture (chain termination/ Sanger sequencing)

A

nucleotides, Taq Polymerase, DNA sample primers, + modified free nucleotides.

31
Q

describe the difference between a normal and modified nucleotide and explain the effect that these have.

A

modified nucleotide, has no OH group, on the third carbon by adding a modified nucleotide, the chain is terminated.

32
Q

what is the primer

A

a short nucleic acid

33
Q

what is DNA polymerase

A

an enzyme needed, for DNA synthesis

34
Q

what is an Activated Nucleotide

A
  • has 3 phosphate groups, on binding, with a complementary base, they will lose two phosphates, through a hydrolysis reaction and release light.
35
Q

what is ATP sulfurylase

A

an enzyme, that converts phosphates

36
Q

what is APS

A

adenosine 5’ phosphatesulfate (need for the enzyme ATP sulfurylase

37
Q

what is Luciferase

A

converts luciferin to oxyluciferin (generating visible light)

38
Q

what happens to luciferin

A

converted to oxyluciferin

39
Q

what is oxyluciferin

A

made from luciferin

40
Q

what is the role of apyrase

A

enzyme, that degrades, unincorporated nucleotides, so it can be rerun with different nucleotides

41
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

the process, that obtains a specific gene from one organism, and plate that gene, into another organism using a vector.

42
Q

why is genetic engineering, also known as recombinant DNA technology

A
  • because, you are combing the sources of DNA.
43
Q

why genetic engineer?

A
  • increase yield, by introducing traits, like pest resistance.
  • improve crops, to have health benefits, i.e. vitamin enrichment.
  • higher yield in animals.
  • organ transplant.
  • scientific research, e.g. GM rice.
44
Q

what is Pharming?

A
  • production of human medicines
  • make animals models, like knockout mice, (gene deleted, so develop cancer).
  • make human proteins ( insert human gene and promoter sequence, into fertilised egg - (e.g. desired protein in milk, etc.
45
Q

what are the 4 key steps of genetic engineering (procedure)

A
  • isolate desired gene
  • get gene into vector (forming recombinant DNA.
  • get vector, into cell (transformation.
46
Q

describe how genetic engineering would take place in insulin (example case study)

A
  • 1.) obtain desired gene - reverse transcriptase (ss cDNA -> dS DNA.
  • 2.) - get gene into vector - ligase -> recombinant plasmids
  • 3.) - transformation (get vector into cell) - combined with E. coli, and heat shock, treatment, with Ca, Cl ions.
  • 4.) - E. coli, produces insulin protein
47
Q

what is meant by the term transgenic

A
  • an organism, that contains a gene from another species.
48
Q

what is epigenetics

A

the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.

49
Q

what is the role of reverse transcriptase?

A

An enzyme, that catalyses the production of cDNA (complementary DNA) using an RNA template

50
Q

what are restriction enzymes?

A

Endonuclease enzymes that cleave DNA at specific recognition sites.

51
Q

what is the role of DNA ligase.

A

An enzyme, that catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds, between the sugar and phosphate groups, of adjacent DNA nucleotides.

52
Q

what is DNA profiling

A

the creation, of a unique genetic fingerprint, of an individual.

53
Q

what are minisatellites (VNTRs)

A

have a core repat limit of 20 - 50 base pairs (bp)

54
Q

what are microsatellites (STRs)

A

have a core repeat unit, of 2-4 base pairs. these are commonly used, to create profiles, if they are smaller, and show a higher degree of variation in a populations profile.

55
Q

what markers do we use to determine whether recombinant plasmid uptake in bacteria has been successful?

A
  • antibiotic resistance.
  • Fluorescence
56
Q

summarise resitance in transformed bacteria (non - recombinant plasmid)

A

can growth on both ampaceyn and tetracycline

57
Q

how would you use replica plating to work out successful colonies

A

the successful colonies, are the ones with the human genes, that only grow on ampicillin.

58
Q

how are bacteria genetically engineered to minimise the risk?

A
  • replicating plating, requires us to use antibiotic resistant bacteria.
  • however, they have gene knocked out, meaning that they cannot make a particular nutrient, so can only survive on agar jelly in lab, when nutrient has been provided.
59
Q

what is germ line gene therapy

A

gene therapy, by inserting functional alleles into gametes or zygotes.

59
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

inserting a functional allele of a particular gene into cells, that contain mutated and non - functioning alleles. The persons, can them produce functional proteins, alleviating symptoms of their disorder.

60
Q

what is somatic cell gene therapy

A

gene therapy, by inserting functional alleles into body cells.

61
Q

what are the positives of germline cell therapy

A
  • it only has to be treated once/it is permanent.
  • all cells in body have the replaced (functional) gene.
  • it can be passed on to offspring
62
Q

what are the negatives of germline therapy

A
  • there are ethical objections because of possible side effects to future generations.
  • the are concerns if they could distract the expression or regulation onto genes.
  • could it lead to patients, choosing desirable characteristics for their babies.
63
Q

what is recombinant DNA

A

the transfer of fragments of DNA from one organism, or species, to another.

64
Q
A
65
Q
A
66
Q
A

biology a level OCR (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions