respiration

Question 1

steps for gas exchange

Answer 1

ventilation of the respiratory organ leads to gas exchange at the lungs, gases are transported through the body and gas exchange occurs at the tissue

Question 2

Dalton’s law of partial pressures

Answer 2

the partial pressures of all gases in an environment add up to 100%

Question 3

Henry’s law

Answer 3

the amount of movement of a liquid into a gas on contact depends on the pressure gradient, the solubility of the gas into the liquid, and temperature

Question 4

altitude sickness

Answer 4

PO2 of roughly 51.7 is where humans begin losing consciousness, smaller animals lose it faster except for birds who do very well at high altitudes

Question 5

Fick’s Law

Answer 5

flow rate is equal to a constant * area while considering partial pressures and the distance a gas must move; organisms without respiratory organs are fully dependent on this law

Question 6

water breathing

Answer 6

one way movement across respiratory organs, lower metabolic rates, thermoconformers, extraction of oxygen is more difficult than on land

Question 7

requirements to increase body size

Answer 7

increase in area and a decrease in distance for gas to travel; done by increased mixing of the environment or cell interiors, changing shape, or developing respiratory organs

Question 8

lake titicaca frog

Answer 8

live at an extremely high altitude, has greatly reduced lungs and a very high affinity for oxygen, rarely surfaces to breathe, uses pronounced folds in the skin with cutaneous capillaries and bob in the water to constantly mix and provide fresh water to the capillaries

Question 9

cutaneous respiration

Answer 9

gas exchange through the skin occurring in almost all organisms but better in some than others, most efficient in amphibians

Question 10

amphibian skin

Answer 10

open flow of oxygen over the capillaries

Question 11

fish gills

Answer 11

countercurrent flow of oxygen over the capillaries flowing in opposite directions

Question 12

mammalian lungs

Answer 12

new and old oxygen mixes in a blind ended sac and becomes diluted blood runs along the alveoli or bottom of the sac; oxygen uptake is much less efficient than in the gills

Question 13

bird lungs

Answer 13

unidirectional crosscurrent flow of oxygen over the capillaries; 2 breath cycle

Question 14

counter current gas exchange

Answer 14

the medium and the blood flow in opposite directions in close proximity

Question 15

lamellate gills

Answer 15

push water over the gills

Question 16

external filament gills

Answer 16

increase surface area and movement of water

Question 17

cross current gas exchange

Answer 17

system of multiple air sacs in which air is pushed in one direction which results in no mixing and no dilution; blood flows across the air sacs multiple times allowing the pick up of more O2

Question 18

arthropod tracheal system

Answer 18

direct delivery of O2 to the tissues via spiracles

Question 19

birds 2 breath cycle

Answer 19

the first breath pushes air to the posterior sacs and parabronchi, the second breath pushes air to the anterior sacs and exhalation with no mixing of the 2 breaths

Question 20

thoracic cavity

Answer 20

where the lungs are located

Question 21

air flow during ventilation

Answer 21

allowed via the pressure gradient where flow is inversly proportional to resistance, and surface tension decreased by surfactant

Question 22

surfactant

Answer 22

prevents cohesion of water in the lungs by lowering surface tension

Question 23

respiratory pigments

Answer 23

make it possible to carry high volumes of O2 in the blood, include hemoglobin, hemerythrin and hemocyanin all made up of a heme group and a metal

Question 24

hemoglobin

Answer 24

prefers carrying oxygen than carbon dioxide, can carry up to 4 oxygen molecules; saturation depends on PO2 and the number of binding sites available

Question 25

hemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 25

uses the P50 of the respiratory pigment and describes how oxygen affinity increases as oxygen binds; a left shift has a higher affinity for oxygen while a right shift has a lower affinity for oxygen, a lower affinity makes it easier to drop of oxygen

Question 26

Haldane effect

Answer 26

hemoglobin carries more CO2 at low O2 levels which increases the efficiency of removing CO2 and helps unload it at the lungs

Question 27

CO2 transport

Answer 27

3 methods: dissolved in the plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as a bicarbonate ion in the plasma as the result of chloride shift

Question 28

medula

Answer 28

location of the brain signaling changes in respiration

Question 29

chemoreceptors

Answer 29

sense PO2, PCO2, and H+ ions for respiratory control, central chemoreceptors located in the medulla, peripheral chemoreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid artery

Question 30

breathing at high altitudes

Answer 30

PO2 is lower at higher altitudes, body senses this and increases ventilation rate leading to alkalosis due to increased CO2 loss but no O2 uptake

Question 31

acclimatization

Answer 31

takes roughly 11.4 days/km