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animal physiology > nerves and action potentials > Flashcards

nerves and action potentials Flashcards

1
Q

dendrite

A

collection site of the neuron; input; signal moves towards the soma

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2
Q

soma

A

integration; center of the neuron, houses the nucleus

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3
Q

axon

A

conduction; signal moves away from the soma

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4
Q

axon terminal

A

transmission

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5
Q

axon hillock

A

location where the axon meets the soma; where action potentials are generated

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6
Q

glial cells

A

neuron support cells, provide metabolic and structural support

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7
Q

Schwann cells

A

glial cells that provide a myelinated sheath to speed up signal transmission; found in the peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

oligidendrocytes

A

glial cells that provide a myelinated sheath to speed up signal transmission; found in the central nervous system

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9
Q

astrocytes

A

glial cells that line capillaries and serve as metabolic intermediates

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10
Q

neuronal circuit

A

signal>sensory neurons>interneurons or motor neurons>effector

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11
Q

sensory neurons

A

step in the neuronal circuit that decide on action potentials; afferent fibers

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12
Q

interneurons

A

step in the neuronal circuit that links in the central nervous system; send signals out

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13
Q

motor neurons

A

step in the neuronal circuit that signals muscle movement; efferent fibers

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14
Q

afferent fibers

A

signals coming in

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15
Q

efferent fibers

A

signals going out

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16
Q

polarized cell

A

has electrical potential; resting state

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17
Q

depolarized cell

A

moving from negative to less negative due to some potential

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18
Q

repolarized cell

A

returning to resting polarized state after a potential

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19
Q

hyperpolarization

A

period of becoming too negative to overcompensate for an action potential

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20
Q

graded potential

A

graded response, initial disturbance dies with distance or time, can be summed, no threshold, no refractory period, duration and intensity varies, can be de or hyper polarizing, initiated by stimulus, or spontaneously

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21
Q

Action potential

A

all or nothing response, can be regeneratively propagated, cant be summed, requires a threshold to be met, refractory period, duration is constant, only depolarizing, only initiated by membrane depolarization

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22
Q

passive electrical resting potential

A

capacitance and resistance occurring across the cell membrane

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23
Q

active electrical resting potential

A

voltage gated channels allow rapid depolarization

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24
Q

capacitance

A

the ability to hold a charge and resist change

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25
Q

local response

A

a kind of action potential that barely reaches the threshold creating a weak signal that dies out before reaching the central nervous system

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26
Q

rising phase of an action potential

A

sodium channels open allowing an influx of sodium to enter the cell which surpasses the threshold and leads to a rapid depolarization of the cell

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27
Q

termination phase of an action potential

A

top of the peak; sodium channels close to stop depolarization

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28
Q

repolarization phase of an action potential

A

potassium channels open reestablishing the equilibrium in the cell

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29
Q

hyperpolarization phase of an action potential

A

refractory period in which the cell becomes more polar than its resting phase; another action potential is not possible at this time

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30
Q

resting phase of an action potential

A

sodium potassium pumps return to normal and cell maintenance occurs

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31
Q

voltage gated channels

A

protein channels open to a specific type of ion

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32
Q

what determines the speed at which action potentials travel

A

capacitance and resistance both can be reduced by increasing fiber diameter meaning larger fibers transmit faster action potentials

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33
Q

myelin sheath

A

layer of glial cells around a neuron that speed up transmission by reducing the amount of depolarization that must occur; insulates the neuron

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34
Q

node of ranvier

A

the gap between the glial cells in the myelin sheath where regenerative depolarization occurs; allows for saltatory conductance

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35
Q

synapse

A

coupling between 2 neurons or between a neuron and its effector

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36
Q

electrical synapse

A

less common type of synapse; nerve cells are connected via gap junctions allowing ions to pass between nerves

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37
Q

chemical synapse

A

most common type of synapse; nerves communicate via a transmitter substance that is ionotropic or metabotropic

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38
Q

ionotropic chemical synapse

A

presynaptic action potential depolarizes the membrane, voltage gated channels are activated, calcium diffuses into the cell signaling NT filled vesicles to migrate into the membrane, exocytosis of NT into the synaptic cleft, the transmitter binds directly to the receptor to activate a response; fast

39
Q

metabotropic chemical synapse

A

presynaptic action potential depolarizes the membrane, voltage gated channels are activated, calcium diffuses into the cell signaling NT filled vesicles to migrate into the membrane, exocytosis of NT into the synaptic cleft, binds to a receptor that initiates a second messenger; slow

40
Q

PSP post synaptic potential

A

graded potentials resulting from NT; integrated at the axon hillock which is where the soma meets the axon

41
Q

EPSP excitatory post synaptic potential

A

induces changes in Vm to increase the probability of initiating an action potential; positive

42
Q

IPSP inhibitory post synaptic potential

A

induces changes in Vm to decrease the probability of initiating an action potential; negative

43
Q

spatial summation

A

adding signals from multiple sources; occurs in conjunction with temporal summation

44
Q

temporal summation

A

adding more to a single signal over time; occur in conjunction with spatial summation

45
Q

sensory reception

A

gathering processing and responding to information

46
Q

exteroceptors

A

receive information from outside the body and communicate it to the central nervous system; 5 senses

47
Q

interoceptors

A

receive information from inside the body and communicate it to the central nervous system

48
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect deformation; mechanical distortion of the plasma membrane leads to the opening of ion channels; touch

49
Q

thermoreceptors

A

sense temperature both internally and externally

50
Q

nociceptors

A

sense tissue damage and pain

51
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

detect light

52
Q

chemoreceptors

A

sense chemical concentrations; involved in taste and smell

53
Q

process of sensory perception

A

detection>amplification>transduction>transmission; relying on selectivity and sensitivity

54
Q

sensory transduction

A

process by which stimulus energy is changed into the energy of a nerve impulse resulting in charged ionic conductance; activation of a receptor by a stimulus reaching a receptor cell; a graded potential

55
Q

amplification

A

a cascade of protein interactions modifies an intracellular second messenger causing ion channels to either open or close

56
Q

sensory adaptation

A

changes in perceived intensity of sensation even when the physical intensity has not changed

57
Q

tonic receptor

A

action potentials slow with continued stimulation

58
Q

phasic receptor

A

action potentials stop with continued stimulation

59
Q

range fractionation

A

sensitivities of different neurons vary which increases the range of detection

60
Q

photoreceptors

A

a form of electromagnetic receptor that transduces energy in photons into action potentials to be integrated in the central nervous system

61
Q

compound eye

A

image forming eyes with multiple lenses; either apposition or superposition transmission; ex: insect eyes

62
Q

apposition eye

A

a form of compound eye where each lens goes to its own receptor structured in an omatidium

63
Q

superposition eye

A

each individual lens all come together to one rhabdom

64
Q

omatidium

A

structures in an apposition eye including the corneal lens and crystalline lens attach to the rhabdom which captures several light forming images

65
Q

vertebrate eye

A

a single lens with minimal refraction, signal is received by sensory receptors at the back of the eye where the image is flipped and the size is modified

66
Q

pigment epithelium of the eye

A

region of the eye behind the retina where images are recieved

67
Q

horizontal cells of the eye

A

connect rods and cones and integrate their separate signals

68
Q

bipolar cells of the eye

A

link horizontal cells to the amacrine cells

69
Q

amacrine cells of the eye

A

aid in metabolic control of image reception and transmission

70
Q

ganglion cells of the eye

A

location where action potential is generated and sent to the optic nerve which connects to the central nervous system

71
Q

rods and cones

A

image reception cells found in various numbers in the retina appearing in different concentrations in each part of the eye

72
Q

macula

A

location in the eye with the highest concentration of rods and cones

73
Q

convergence

A

both eyes converge on a single visual axis so they’re both looking at the same object; only possible with binocular vision

74
Q

accomodation

A

an object must be brought into focus on the retina; some animals move the lens or retina; some change the shape of the lens

75
Q

vision in water

A

light detection decreases as depth increases, light is differentially absorbed with blue being the last color to be absorbed; the refractory index of water is close to that of the retina so this is fixed by a thick spherical lens or moving the lenses

76
Q

rhodopsin

A

a visual pigment that allows vertebrates to see light; made up of retinal and opsin; light activated, changes shape when absorbing a photon it flips between cis and trans

77
Q

retinal

A

part of rhodopsin; a form of vitamin A that absorbs light

78
Q

opsin

A

part of rhodopsin; a lipo protein not capable of absorbing light

79
Q

dark current

A

in the dark, sodium channels open, maintaining 30mV resting potential and releasing glutamate, closed when light is detected

80
Q

ciliary muscles of the eye

A

control the shape of the lens, when relaxed, the lens is flat and focused on the distance, when contracted the lens becomes spherical and can focus up close

81
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

type of mechanoreceptor; layers of connective tissue sending signals at the onset and offset of a stimulus

82
Q

stretch receptors

A

a type of mechanoreceptor that sends faster signals as muscles stretch and slower signals as muscles contract

83
Q

insect bristles

A

work similarly to mechanoreceptors; sense direction of a stimulus based on which ways bristles bend, bending opens potassium channels

84
Q

hair cells

A

similar to mechanoreceptors; cilia on the surface and fluid filled canals give direct water contact to sense direction; lack axons, synaptic transmission

85
Q

lateral line system

A

capulas sense vibrations, cilia attached to hair cells are embedded in the capula

86
Q

statocysts

A

organs of equilibrium in crustaceans and bivalves; statolith presses on hair cells based on orientation; crustaceans also utilize a horizontal and vertical canal

87
Q

vertebrate inner ear

A

organ of equilibrium and audition; tympanic membrane connects the incus, malleus, and stapes which aid in sound modification; semicircular canals filled with endolymph are lined with hair cells embedded in a gelatinous layer; vibrations are converted to nerve impulses in the cochlea

88
Q

external ear

A

collects and funnels sound to transmit vibrations to the fluid filled inner ear

89
Q

middle ear

A

tympanic membrane receives sound signals which are magnified by the malleus incus and stapes before being sent to the oval window

90
Q

invertebrate sensilla

A

chemoreceptors containing dendrites to detect certain chemicals; each sensilla only detects one chemical

91
Q

taste buds

A

chemoreceptors in terrestrial vertebrates; group taste receptors internally; basal cells detect taste and are regularly replaced; no axon; sour and salt are ionotropic receptors; sweet bitter and umami are metabotropic receptors

92
Q

smell receptors

A

chemoreceptors for gathering information from a distant chemical environment, perceived by dendrites within a mucus layer to a primary afferent axon with a secondary messenger

93
Q

vertebrate olfaction

A

olfactory bulb and vermonasal organ in the hard pallet allow organisms to scent the air through their mouth

94
Q

Eimer’s organ

A

specific to the nose of the star nosed mole, allows them to rapidly determine whether or not something is edible

animal physiology (11 decks)

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