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animal physiology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

How much energy is transferred up each trophic level

A

10%

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2
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

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3
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

The universe tends to lean towards disorder in a closed system, law of entropy

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4
Q

Rumenants

A

Organisms with a 4 chamber stomach, foregut fermenters

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5
Q

Rumen

A

Stomach chamber for fermentation, holds gut bacteria

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6
Q

Pathway for food in rumenants

A

Mouth>rumen>mouth>rumen>reticulum>omasum>abomasum>pylorus

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7
Q

Cecum

A

Blind ended sac in the large intestine

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8
Q

Copperphasia

A

Eating ones own feces to absorb vitamins and amino acids

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9
Q

Proventriculus

A

Gizzard used for grinding food

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10
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

Connect into the midgut for excretion similar to the kidneys

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11
Q

Hepatopancreas

A

Sequesters toxins, stores lipids and glycogen, secretes digestive enzymes, digestion of food particles and absorption of nutrients
Found in crustaceans

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12
Q

amylase

A

saliva enzyme for food breakdown

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13
Q

digestive diverticula

A

blind ended sacs that take food into cells for intracellular digestion

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14
Q

batch reactor

A

alimentary system in which food enters, mixes, and exits all through the same opening ex: hydras

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15
Q

continuous flow stirred tank reactor

A

continuous input to a stomach where food is mixed and a separate continuous output. continuity is hindered by the organisms metabolic rate ex: ruminants

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16
Q

plug flow reactor

A

continuous input to uniform lateral digestion to a separate output with little to no mixing

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17
Q

common digestive flow of vertebrates

A

headgut to the foregut with minimal breakdown, to the midgut where digestion with the stomach and small intestine takes place to the hindgut for absorption and defecation

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18
Q

saliva

A

secretions of the mouth containing amylase and bicarbonate

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19
Q

gastric juice

A

secretions of the stomach containing pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid

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20
Q

pancreatic juice

A

secretions of the pancreas containing trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and more, acts as a neutralizing agent

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21
Q

bile

A

secretion of the gallbladder containing fats, fatty acids, bile salts, pigments, and cholesterol

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22
Q

succus entericus

A

secretion of the duodenum that acts as a neutralizing agent

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23
Q

volume of secretions

A

at least 5 Liters a day with most of them being reabsorbed

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24
Q

gut motility

A

muscular contractions that move food along the digestive tract and serve to mix the contents

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25
Q

sphincters

A

rings of muscle around the entrances to organs that control movement

26
Q

peristalsis

A

propulsive movements that move contents forward

27
Q

segmentation

A

rotational movements that serve to mix food and enzymes to promote absorption, no forward movement

28
Q

glandular salivary secretions

A

acini, very similar to plasma, contain amylase, peroxidase, lysozymes, and mucin, Na+, Cl-, K+, H2O and H3O- are added

29
Q

conditional pathway

A

external simulation starts salivation production, ex: seeing or smelling food

30
Q

unconditional pathway

A

presence of food in the mouth stimulates saliva production

31
Q

cephalic phase

A

thought of food; increased saliva secretion and gastric and pancreatic activity

32
Q

gastric phase

A

food in stomach; forms chyme, distension, short peptides and acidity, gastrin enters from g cells, and pH decreases

33
Q

chyme

A

food and salivary secretions mixed

34
Q

stomach

A

3 layers of muscle allowing contraction in every direction; longitudinal (up and down), circular, and oblique (left and right)

35
Q

distension

A

stretching or bloating to accommodate food

36
Q

rugae of mucosa

A

folds of the inner stomach that increase surface area for more digestive enzymes

37
Q

Lumen

A

layer of the GI tract walls, open pathway through the tract with multiple exocrine glands secreting into it where absorption takes place

38
Q

epithilium

A

mucosa layer of the GI tract wall

39
Q

submucosa layer

A

Support layer with external muscle in the GI tract walls

40
Q

mesentary

A

attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall

41
Q

goblet cells

A

stomach cells that secrete mucus and bicarbonate

42
Q

parietal cells

A

stomach cells that secrete pepsinogen to break down proteins and lipase to break down lipids, essential for function

43
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

stomach cells that secrete gastrin and other hormones

44
Q

zymogen

A

inactive enzyme forms

45
Q

kerckring

A

circular folds in the small intestine that increase surface area

46
Q

villi

A

found on the kerckring of the small intestine, covered in microvilli and filled with capillaries for oxygen and bloodflow

47
Q

bile

A

gallbladder secretions that serve as a detergent breaking down and surrounding fats

48
Q

bile salts

A

gallbladder secretions that serve to breakdown surrounded fat droplets into glycerol and individual fatty acids

49
Q

biliverdin and biliruben

A

gallbladder secretions that function as basic buffers and emulsify fats, aid in waste removal, and vitamin absorption

50
Q

haustra

A

formed in the large intestine by tenia coli, lumpy sections that serve to increase surface area

51
Q

colon

A

area in the large intestine that serve as the primary location for water absorption and waste storage and compaction

52
Q

rectum and anal canal

A

location in the large intestine for waste storage, compaction, and excretion

53
Q

phases of digestion

A

cephalic to gastric to intestinal/duodenal

54
Q

enteric nervous system

A

short reflexes unique to the GI tract

55
Q

endocrine mechanisms

A

hormonal controls to regulate digestion, uses endocrine, parocrine, and peptidergic NS

56
Q

gastroileal reflex

A

short reflex that leads to increased gastric activity and increased ileum motility

57
Q

ileogastric reflex

A

short reflex that leads to ileum distension and decreased gastric motility

58
Q

intestino-intestinal reflex

A

short reflex that leads to distension of the small intestine in one section, and a relaxation of the rest of the intestine

59
Q

short reflexes

A

type of neural regulation that originate in the enteric nervous system without central nervous system input

60
Q

long reflexes

A

type of neural regulation that includes digestive reflexes integrated with the central nervous system such as defecation or salivation

animal physiology (11 decks)

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