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animal physiology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

How much energy is transferred up each trophic level

A

10%

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2
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

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3
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

The universe tends to lean towards disorder in a closed system, law of entropy

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4
Q

Rumenants

A

Organisms with a 4 chamber stomach, foregut fermenters

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5
Q

Rumen

A

Stomach chamber for fermentation, holds gut bacteria

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6
Q

Pathway for food in rumenants

A

Mouth>rumen>mouth>rumen>reticulum>omasum>abomasum>pylorus

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7
Q

Cecum

A

Blind ended sac in the large intestine

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8
Q

Copperphasia

A

Eating ones own feces to absorb vitamins and amino acids

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9
Q

Proventriculus

A

Gizzard used for grinding food

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10
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

Connect into the midgut for excretion similar to the kidneys

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11
Q

Hepatopancreas

A

Sequesters toxins, stores lipids and glycogen, secretes digestive enzymes, digestion of food particles and absorption of nutrients
Found in crustaceans

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12
Q

amylase

A

saliva enzyme for food breakdown

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13
Q

digestive diverticula

A

blind ended sacs that take food into cells for intracellular digestion

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14
Q

batch reactor

A

alimentary system in which food enters, mixes, and exits all through the same opening ex: hydras

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15
Q

continuous flow stirred tank reactor

A

continuous input to a stomach where food is mixed and a separate continuous output. continuity is hindered by the organisms metabolic rate ex: ruminants

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16
Q

plug flow reactor

A

continuous input to uniform lateral digestion to a separate output with little to no mixing

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17
Q

common digestive flow of vertebrates

A

headgut to the foregut with minimal breakdown, to the midgut where digestion with the stomach and small intestine takes place to the hindgut for absorption and defecation

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18
Q

saliva

A

secretions of the mouth containing amylase and bicarbonate

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19
Q

gastric juice

A

secretions of the stomach containing pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid

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20
Q

pancreatic juice

A

secretions of the pancreas containing trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen and more, acts as a neutralizing agent

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21
Q

bile

A

secretion of the gallbladder containing fats, fatty acids, bile salts, pigments, and cholesterol

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22
Q

succus entericus

A

secretion of the duodenum that acts as a neutralizing agent

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23
Q

volume of secretions

A

at least 5 Liters a day with most of them being reabsorbed

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24
Q

gut motility

A

muscular contractions that move food along the digestive tract and serve to mix the contents

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25
sphincters
rings of muscle around the entrances to organs that control movement
26
peristalsis
propulsive movements that move contents forward
27
segmentation
rotational movements that serve to mix food and enzymes to promote absorption, no forward movement
28
glandular salivary secretions
acini, very similar to plasma, contain amylase, peroxidase, lysozymes, and mucin, Na+, Cl-, K+, H2O and H3O- are added
29
conditional pathway
external simulation starts salivation production, ex: seeing or smelling food
30
unconditional pathway
presence of food in the mouth stimulates saliva production
31
cephalic phase
thought of food; increased saliva secretion and gastric and pancreatic activity
32
gastric phase
food in stomach; forms chyme, distension, short peptides and acidity, gastrin enters from g cells, and pH decreases
33
chyme
food and salivary secretions mixed
34
stomach
3 layers of muscle allowing contraction in every direction; longitudinal (up and down), circular, and oblique (left and right)
35
distension
stretching or bloating to accommodate food
36
rugae of mucosa
folds of the inner stomach that increase surface area for more digestive enzymes
37
Lumen
layer of the GI tract walls, open pathway through the tract with multiple exocrine glands secreting into it where absorption takes place
38
epithilium
mucosa layer of the GI tract wall
39
submucosa layer
Support layer with external muscle in the GI tract walls
40
mesentary
attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall
41
goblet cells
stomach cells that secrete mucus and bicarbonate
42
parietal cells
stomach cells that secrete pepsinogen to break down proteins and lipase to break down lipids, essential for function
43
enteroendocrine cells
stomach cells that secrete gastrin and other hormones
44
zymogen
inactive enzyme forms
45
kerckring
circular folds in the small intestine that increase surface area
46
villi
found on the kerckring of the small intestine, covered in microvilli and filled with capillaries for oxygen and bloodflow
47
bile
gallbladder secretions that serve as a detergent breaking down and surrounding fats
48
bile salts
gallbladder secretions that serve to breakdown surrounded fat droplets into glycerol and individual fatty acids
49
biliverdin and biliruben
gallbladder secretions that function as basic buffers and emulsify fats, aid in waste removal, and vitamin absorption
50
haustra
formed in the large intestine by tenia coli, lumpy sections that serve to increase surface area
51
colon
area in the large intestine that serve as the primary location for water absorption and waste storage and compaction
52
rectum and anal canal
location in the large intestine for waste storage, compaction, and excretion
53
phases of digestion
cephalic to gastric to intestinal/duodenal
54
enteric nervous system
short reflexes unique to the GI tract
55
endocrine mechanisms
hormonal controls to regulate digestion, uses endocrine, parocrine, and peptidergic NS
56
gastroileal reflex
short reflex that leads to increased gastric activity and increased ileum motility
57
ileogastric reflex
short reflex that leads to ileum distension and decreased gastric motility
58
intestino-intestinal reflex
short reflex that leads to distension of the small intestine in one section, and a relaxation of the rest of the intestine
59
short reflexes
type of neural regulation that originate in the enteric nervous system without central nervous system input
60
long reflexes
type of neural regulation that includes digestive reflexes integrated with the central nervous system such as defecation or salivation

animal physiology (11 decks)

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