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animal physiology > muscles > Flashcards

muscles Flashcards

1
Q

smooth muscle

A

smooth texture, involuntary control, 5-10% of all muscle, function in hollow organs

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2
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated appearance, involuntary control, miniscule percentage of all muscles, function in pumping blood

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3
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated appearance, voluntary control, 40% of all muscle, function in movement and structural support; fibers run the entire length

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4
Q

functions of muscles

A

internal and external movement, maintaining posture, stabilizing the skeleton, and generating heat

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5
Q

characteristics of muscles

A

excitability: uneasy resting potential allows response to stimulus; contractility: use of ATP to forcibly shorten; extension and elasticity

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6
Q

myofibrils

A

parallel units within a fiber made of sarcomeres

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7
Q

sarcomere

A

a functional unit of a muscle that run z-disk to z-disk made up of actin and myosin

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8
Q

sarcolemma

A

surrounds the muscle layer

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9
Q

thin filaments

A

F actin: a double stranded helix of globular actin with myosin binding sites
tropomyosin: double stranded protein lying end to end on the actin spiral
troponin complex: Tnl binds to actin, TnT binds to tropomyosin, TnC binds to calcium ions

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10
Q

thick filaments

A

myosin protein made of a globular head and entwined tails which are held together by a light chain; head posses an actin binding site

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11
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

modified endoplasmic reticulum made up of tubules and cisternae surrounding myofibrils; store calcium

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12
Q

sliding filament model

A

Z disks move towards each other upon contraction and sarcomeres get shorter

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13
Q

length tension relationship

A

relates the amount of actin myosin overlap to tension

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14
Q

cross bridge attachment

A

calcium moves tropomyosin allowing myosin heads to bind to the actin

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15
Q

power stroke

A

P in ATP is released triggering the slide of actin, ADP is released but myosin remains bound to the actin

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16
Q

cross bridge detachment

A

ATP binds to the head releasing the myosin from the actin

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17
Q

cocking myosin

A

ATPase cleaves providing energy for the conformational change of the head; ADP and P stay bound for the power stroke

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18
Q

twitch-timing of contraction

A

a latent period delays contraction

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19
Q

factors influencing muscle contraction

A

the number of muscle fibers contracting within a muscle, tension developed by each contracting fiber, frequency of stimulation, treppe effect, tension increases until reaching a plateau

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20
Q

muscle recruitment

A

relating the number of muscle fibers that are activated to the strength of the motor stimulus

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21
Q

Treppe effect

A

stimulation recurs every time the muscle reaches its relaxed state and tension increases each time due to excess calcium availability meaning the muscle becomes more effective the more it is used

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22
Q

muscle summation

A

the entry of another stimulus before a muscle is fully relaxed allowing the strength of the twitch to build on the last

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23
Q

tetanus

A

the maximum sustained contractile force a muscle can undergo; APs come so fast that no relaxation occurs

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24
Q

isotonic contraction

A

normal muscle function, enough force is generated to move the force acting against the muscle and muscle contraction occurs

25
Q

isometric contraction

A

the muscles maximum contractile force is not enough to overcome the force pushing against it ex: pushing a wall

26
Q

elastic properties of the muscle

A

allow for stretch to occur; when stretched actin and myosin overlap is minimized, as contraction occurs tension increases with overlap, contraction continues until the load is moved

27
Q

load shortening relationship

A

muscles are more capable of meeting the demand of a light load quickly

28
Q

force velocity curve

A

work increases with contraction until the load is too heavy to move

29
Q

muscle fatigue

A

the physiological inability to contract due to lactic acid buildup from anaerobic metabolism

30
Q

neuromuscular fatigue

A

ionic imbalance or acetylcholine deficit between the neuron and the muscle

31
Q

central fatigue

A

muscles are willing and able but the spirit is not; due to signals from the CNS never reaching the muscle

32
Q

smooth muscle structure

A

spindle shaped with a single nucleus, smaller than skeletal muscle, arranged in sheets rather than fibers, contain a third filament that acts as a connective filament, actin and myosin are arranged randomly

33
Q

dense bodies

A

attachment points in smooth muscle that behave similarly to z disks

34
Q

smooth muscle contraction

A

slow, sustained involuntary contraction in hollow organs; spontaneous depolarization due to being more permeable to calcium

35
Q

substructure of smooth muscle

A

actin myosin and intermediate filaments, arranged diagonally, dense bodies act as z disks, no t tubules and an underdeveloped sarcoplasmic reticulum, gap junctions connect muscle cells into a single unit

36
Q

smooth muscle mechanism of contraction

A

calcium interacts with the myosin light chain, caldesmon covers the actin binding site, calcium binds to calmodulin activating myosin kinase, kinase cleaves ATP cocking the myosin head, phosphorylated myosin forms cross bridges with actin

37
Q

excitation contraction coupling

A

neurotransmitters released from varicosities lead to depolarization, calcium goes into cell from vesicles, calcium is released from the endoplasmic reticulum, the calcium calmodulin complex activates and unfolds myosin kinase which phosphorylates the myosin allowing coupling to occur

38
Q

single unit smooth muscle

A

function as a sheet, connected via gap junctions, not all have varicosity function through myogenic activity, most common type of smooth muscle, found in the alimentary and urogenital canals

39
Q

multi unit smooth muscle

A

each independent unit must receive a signal to activate due to few gap junctions, this allows for a graded response, neurogenic, every cell has a varicosity connecting to a neuron, found in air passages and blood vessels

40
Q

special features of smooth muscle

A

different length tension relationship, single unit has stretch activation, efficient and fatigue resistant - latch mechanism slows the cross bridge cycle and minimizes the use of ATP allowing for continued tension and discontinued ATP use, hyperplasia

41
Q

hyperplasia

A

enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in reproduction of cells

42
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found in the middle layer of the heart, spiraled arrangement in all vertebrates, cardiac fibers create the atria and ventricles

43
Q

direction of blood flow in a 4 chambered heart

A

right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary ventricle > pulmonary artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > left atrium > bicuspid valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta > tissues > venae cavae > right atrium

44
Q

chordae tenidae

A

attachments inside the ventricle that prevent valves from inverting

45
Q

intercalated disks

A

gap junctions in cardiac muscle allow rapid electrical connectivity and desmosomes hold fibers together

46
Q

neurogenic pacemaker

A

open circulatory systems, rhythmic beat originates from the CNS and a cardiac ganglion with unstable resting potential

47
Q

myogenic pacemaker

A

closed circulatory systems, rhythmic beat originates from heart muscles and myocytes with unstable resting potential, SA and AV nodes initiate contraction

48
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

natural pacemaker of the vertebrate heart located where the superior vena cavea meets the right atrium, activates the AV node signaling the bundle of hiss to squeeze the ventricles

49
Q

ectopic foci

A

regions of the heart other than the SA node capable of initiating beats when higher order nodes fail

50
Q

cardiac action potentials

A

myogenic pacemaker has a slow rise due to uneasy resting potential, muscle summation cannot occur due to a long action potential and refractory period

51
Q

ECG

A

electrical measurements of the heart, high depolarization of ventricles in the QRS complex, depolarization from the SA node depolarizes atrial muscle and initiates AV node which depolarizes the bundle of his signaling the contraction of ventricles

52
Q

lub dub of the heart

A

lub from the ventricular valves snapping shut, dub from the aortic and pulmonary valves snapping shut

53
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic control

A

the sympathetic nervous system automatically increases blood flow and the parasympathetic nervous system automatically inhibits it; parasympathetic control dominates at rest

54
Q

cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume; stroke volume increases with heart rate because of increases in pressure allowing more blood into the heart

55
Q

heart size

A

a consistent proportion of body mass within a species, body mass is proportional to stroke volume, heart rate is more influential than stroke volume and is not dependent on heart mass

56
Q

metabolic scope

A

the ability to increase cardiac output and oxygen consumption

57
Q

intrinsic control

A

self regulating mechanisms that take advantage of the properties of the organ itself ex: contractile properties

58
Q

extrinsic control

A

external signals used to regulate the function of the organ or system ex: input from hormonal or nervous systems

59
Q

frank starling mechanism

A

increased filling pressure leads to increased stroke volume

animal physiology (11 decks)

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