Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

animal physiology > energy metabolism > Flashcards

energy metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in an organism; the conversion of chemical energy into heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

in a closed system, the universe is always moving towards disorder however, animals are an open system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

anabolic pathway

A

assembling of substances into complex molecules, requires energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

catabolic pathway

A

the breakdown of energy rich complex molecules into simpler ones, energy is released or stored as ATP or glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

chemical energy

A

a form of potential energy, needed for atom reconfiguration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

electrical energy

A

a form of potential energy in the charge speculation of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

heat

A

a form of kinetic energy that is formed by the random motion of all molecules; a degraded waste product in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mechanical energy

A

a form kinetic energy that is the energy of organized motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

work

A

a transfer of energy from one source to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

physiological work

A

a process carried out by organisms that increases order in the internal or external environment such as the breakdown of molecules or body movement, can only be performed by high grade energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

high grade energy

A

can perform physiological work; chemical, mechanical, electrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

low grade energy

A

cannot perform physiological work; heat or other degraded energy form converting high to low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ingested energy

A

energy found in the chemical bonds of consumed food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fecal energy

A

energy from food that is unable to be digested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

absorbed energy

A

energy from food that is assimilated into the body and can be used; most of this is ultimately degrade to and released as heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 routes of absorbed energy

A

biosynthesis, maintenance, and external work; all result in some heat production as a result of inefficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

biosynthesis

A

synthesis of body proteins and lipids; results in the accumulation of chemical energy in body tissues and is important for fat storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

maintenance

A

maintain the integrity of the organism as a whole; most expensive energy process; primarily internal work such as circulation respiration and gut motility

19
Q

external work

A

mechanical work done outside the body such as eating and mating

20
Q

is energy recycled

A

no, and this explains why animals are constantly consuming throughout their lives

21
Q

metabolic rate

A

expressed as heat energy released per unit time or the rate of heat production; determines how much food an animal needs

22
Q

direct calorimetry

A

method of measuring metabolism that involves the measurement of energy released as heat over a given time

23
Q

indirect calorimetry

A

method of measuring metabolism that involves measuring metabolism from food intake and waste production

24
Q

respirometry

A

form of indirect calorimetry involving the rate of gas exchange with the environment

25
Q

material balance

A

form of indirect calorimetry that measures the chemical energy that enters and leaves the body

26
Q

radioisotopes

A

method of measuring metabolism that involves injecting isotopes of O2 and H into an organism, then measuring the loss of body water with respect to the loss of O2; must be measured in 24hr increments

27
Q

thermoconductivity

A

the ability to conduct heat

28
Q

summit metabolic rate SMR

A

coldest temperature at which an organism can maintain its temperature without reaching hypothermia

29
Q

respiratory ratios

A

respiratory quotient=(CO2 eliminated per unit time/ O2 consumed per unit time);RQ=1.0 for carbs, 0.71 for lipids, 0.83 for proteins; if the RQ is between any of these values we cannot determine what food is being used

30
Q

factors affecting metabolic rate

A

age, gender, diet, hormones, physical activity level, and amount of lean muscle

31
Q

Specific dynamic action SDA

A

the spike in metabolic rate that occurs immediately after a meal

32
Q

absorptive state (fed)

A

ingested nutrients enter the blood, some are used to supply needs of the body in the net synthesis of proteins, glycogen, and fat

33
Q

post absorptive state (unfed)

A

the digestive tract is empty and the available pool of nutrients in the blood decreases, there is a net degradation of proteins, glycogen, and fat

34
Q

basal metabolic rate BMR

A

measured in thermal neutral zone, while fasting and resting, and should be at the lowest point of the circadian and circannual rhythms; ultimate resting rate (used in homeotherms)

35
Q

standard metabolic rate SMR

A

must be measured at a certain temperature while fasting and resting (used in poikilotherms)

36
Q

BMR + SMR

A

both are a stable rate of energy metabolism under conditions of minimum environmental and physiological stress and after fasting

37
Q

temperatures affect on metabolism

A

temperature has a Q10 affect meaning that for every 10 degree change in temperature there is a 2-3x change in enzymatic activity and metabolic rate

38
Q

maximum metabolic rate MMR

A

exercise induced metabolic rate, approximately 10x BMR or SMR

39
Q

locomotion

A

the amount of energy required to move a unit of mass a unit of distance; small animals use more energy to achieve a given velocity than larger animals

40
Q

what is the most energy dense substrate

A

fat with at least 2x as much energy as proteins and carbs

41
Q

energy absorbed efficeincy

A

absorbed energy/ingested energy

42
Q

gross growth efficiency

A

chemical bond energy growth/ingested energy

43
Q

net growth efficiency

A

chemical bond energy added/absorbed energy; declines with age

animal physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions