circulatory system

Question 1

substances transported by the circulatory system

Answer 1

gases, solutes, hormones, antibodies, waste, heat, and force

Question 2

peristaltic pump

Answer 2

movement through a multi chambered pump via peristalsis, most common in invertebrates

Question 3

chambered pump

Answer 3

the 2, 3, or 4 chambered heart in vertebrates

Question 4

movement of blood in the circulatory system

Answer 4

movement via one way valves

Question 5

elastic recoil

Answer 5

allows the arteries to expand and exert an inward force creating blood pressure

Question 6

open circulatory systems

Answer 6

blood vessels from one large heart and several smaller hearts move hemolymph throughout the body; no pick up and delivery, just circulation around the body

Question 7

closed circulatory system

Answer 7

smaller blood volume under high pressure, blood flow is highly regulated picking up and delivering oxygen, allows for a higher metabolic rate

Question 8

water breathing organisms

Answer 8

water has unidirectional countercurrent flow over the gills allows pick up of more oxygen, lower metabolic rates than air breathers, single circuit heart > pulmonary > systemic > heart

Question 9

air breathing organisms

Answer 9

greater degree of separation of the pulmonary and systemic systems accompanied by increased blood pressure

Question 10

lungfish

Answer 10

have gills and lungs, blood flow is controlled by the ductus and the modified structure of the heart

Question 11

circulatory system of amphibians and most reptiles

Answer 11

have a right and left atrium and 1 ventricle with incomplete separation; systemic artery > tissues > right atrium > pulmocutaneous artery > skin > right atrium OR pulmocutaneous artery > lungs > pulmonary vein > left atrium

Question 12

foramen of panizzae

Answer 12

diving adaptation in crocodilians that bypasses transport of blood to the lungs to remain underwater, also aids in digestion

Question 13

circulatory system of crocodilians

Answer 13

right atrium > right ventricle > lungs > left atrium > left ventricle > systemic system through left aorta; no mixing left and right aorta controlled by foramen of panizzae

Question 14

vascular component to blood flow

Answer 14

flow rate is determined by the pressure gradient divided by resistance

Question 15

resistance

Answer 15

(8viscositylength of blood vessel)/pi*r^4; radius of the blood vessels is the biggest determining factor

Question 16

arteries

Answer 16

high pressure flow, variable in size

Question 17

arterioles

Answer 17

resistance vessels lined with smooth muscle, regulate blood flow to tissues, able to contract and dilate; site of pressure regulation

Question 18

capillaries

Answer 18

act in nutrient exchange, very abundant and close in proximity to the tissue it is delivering to, only 1 cell layer thick, found in the pulmonary and systemic circuits, sphincters only open 10% at rest

Question 19

venules

Answer 19

accept or hold blood with very little muscle involved, low blood pressure

Question 20

veins

Answer 20

capacitance vessels, at any given time roughly 60% of all blood is here, 19x more compliant than arteries, low resistance, return blood to the heart, regulate venous return

Question 21

systolic blood pressure

Answer 21

pressure in your arteries when the heart beats; increases with exercise

Question 22

diastolic blood pressure

Answer 22

pressure in the arteries when the heart is resting between beats; remains constant with exercise

Question 23

hydraulic filter

Answer 23

arterial system converts intermittent pumping of the heart to a steady flow of blood through the capillaries; known as the windkessel effect

Question 24

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Answer 24

determine net filtration pressure of the capillaries; hydrostatic pressure drops over the length but osmotic pressure stays the same this results in nutrients moving in at the venous end pushing out plasma containing dissolved solutes

Question 25

factors influencing venous return

Answer 25

cardiac concentration, skeletal muscle activity, respiratory activity, sympathetic activity, venous valves, cardiac suction

Question 26

baroreceptors

Answer 26

sense CO2 in the venous system and signal when excess CO2 needs removed to the CNS triggering parasympathetic and sympathetic control of the circulatory and respiratory systems

Question 27

blood loss

Answer 27

arterial pressure decreases leading to either baroreceptor reflex to increase heart rate and vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure; OR capillary pressure decreases which increases fluid absorption from the interstitial compartment which increases plasma volume

Question 28

blood clotting

Answer 28

prevents uncontrolled blood lass via local vasoconstriction, formation of a platelet plug and blood coagulation; a positive feedback loop

Question 29

platelet plug

Answer 29

activated by tissue damage, platelets stick to collagen, ATP and arachidonic acid are released which increases stickiness and aggregation stimulating further vasoconstriction

Question 30

blood coagulation

Answer 30

dominant hemostatic defense, conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin followed by a cascade reaction

Question 31

3 steps of blood coagulation

Answer 31

prothrombin is activated and factor x is formed in response to tissue damage which creates thrombin, thrombin and fibrinogen form fibrin which enmeshes platelets and blood cells; calcium is a cofactor for many steps; thrombin affects platelet aggregation

Question 32

hemophilia

Answer 32

A - clotting factor VIII is missing or low; B - clotting factor IX is missing or low

Question 33

anticoagulants

Answer 33

prevent the blood clotting cascade from happening; includes antithrombin III and heparin which are also released by leaches

Question 34

anticlotting mechanisms

Answer 34

anticoagulants, lysis breaks down binds in fibrin strands via plasmin, short lived and local products