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Histo > Resp. GI Tract > Flashcards

Resp. GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiratory epithelium composed of?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells

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2
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory epithelium?

A
  1. Warm inspired air (it has blood vessels)
  2. Trap small particles (it secretes mucus)
  3. Humidify (it secretes serum)
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3
Q

What is the lamina propria composed of?

A

blood vessels, serous glands and mucous glands

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4
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium located

A

Roof of nasal cavity, upper part of the nasal septum, and the superior turbinate

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5
Q

What is olfactory epithelium composed of?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, olfactory cells, supporting cells and basal cells

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6
Q

What is the function of olfactory epithelium?

A

Bind to odourants and sense of olfaction

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7
Q

Where are Bowman’s glands found and what do they produce?

A

-Found in the olfactory epithelium (underneath)
-Serous gland that secretes serum to the surface of narrow ducts

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8
Q

What are the differences between respiratory and olfactory epithelium?

A
  1. Type of Epithelium
    -R: Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium
    -O: Same, but also made of ciliated olfactory/basal cells
  2. Function
    -R: Warm/humidify air, trap debris
    -O: Odor setting
  3. Prescence of Goblet Cells
    -R: Present
    -O: Absent
  4. Location
    -R: Everywhere in respiratory tree, except olfactory e.
    -O: Roof of nose cavity, sup. turbinate bone, upper nasal septum
  5. Glands
    -R: Has submucus glands
    -O: Has olfactory glands
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9
Q

What structures are included in the conducting zone?

A

Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchii and terminal bronchioles

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10
Q

What structures are included in the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli

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11
Q

Main/Accessory Functions of the Conducting Zone

A

Main
-Warm, moisten and filter air before respiratory zone

Accessory
-Olfactory Mucosa: Smell reception
-Larynx: Generate sound (vocal cords)

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12
Q

The free ends of cartilage in the trachea are joined by which muscle?

A

Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)

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13
Q

Compare and Contrast Terminal Bronchiole and Respiratory Bronchiole

A
  1. Zone
    -TB: Conducting
    -RB: Respiratory
  2. Lumen
    -TB: Small
    -RB: Smaller
  3. Goblet Cells
    -TB: Few
    -RB: None
  4. Clara Cells
    -TB: Few
    -RB: More
  5. Presence of Hyaline Cartilage
    -TB: Lacking
    -RB: Lacking
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14
Q

What arises from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity? And what are they covered by?

A

-Superior turbinate: Olfactory muscosa
-Middle turbinate: Respiratory mucosa
-Inferior turbinate: Respiratory mucosa

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15
Q

What is Waldeyer’s Ring?

A

Ring-like arrangement of tonsils/lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx tissue

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16
Q

Four Types of Tonsils

A
  1. Nasopharyngeal
  2. Tubal
  3. Palantine
  4. Lingual
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17
Q

What type of epithelium covers the vocal cords?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

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18
Q

Which muscle is found in the vocal cords?

A

Vocalis

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19
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are on the right and left lung?

A

-Right: 10 segments
-Left: 8 segments

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20
Q

What changes as we move from primary->secondary->Tertiary bronchioles?

A

-Less goblet cells, less hyaline cartilage and smaller diameter

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21
Q

What are Clara Cells and what do they secrete?

A

-Non-ciliated cells with dome-shaped apical surface
-Secrete lipoprotein (CC16)

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22
Q

Compare/Contast Pneumocyte type I and II

A

Most Prominent
-P1: 95%
Epithelium
-P1: Simple Squamous
-P2: Rounded Cells
Function
-P1: Gas Exchange/Form BBB
-P2: Produce surfactant (to line epithelial wall)
Ability to Divide/Transition
-P1: Amniotic (Unable to divide)
-P2: Can differentiate into P1 and P2

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23
Q

Name this clinical condition
-Damage to cilia due to heavy inhalation of toxins
-Causes epithelium to change from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to stratified squamous

A

Squamous Metaplasia

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24
Q

Lung Cancer Types

A
  1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: History of smoking, affects epithelial cells of bronchi
  2. Adenocarcinoma: Most common lung cancer in nonsmokers, arises from peripheral epithelial cells in bronchioles and alveoli
  3. Small cell carcinoma: Less common/highly malignant, develops in bronchial respiratory epithelium
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25
Q

Glands that produce serum

A

Bowman’s Glands

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26
Q

Cells that produce mucous

A

Goblet Cells

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27
Q

Epithelium with nerve fibers

A

Olfactory

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28
Q

Structure that lacks cartilage and has Clara cells (Part of the conducting zone)

A

Terminal Bronchiole

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29
Q

Name the Bronchopulmonary Segments (3)

A

-Pulmonary Artery: Accompanies the branching pattern of the bronchial tree
-Pulmonary Veins: Lie in the septa and drain blood towards heart
-Lymphatic Vessels: Found between segments

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30
Q

The 3 turbinate bones are covered with olfactory epithelium (T/F)

A

False
(Superior-Olfactory and Middle/Inferior-Respiratory)

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31
Q

Tracheal cartilage is a type of hyaline cartilage (T/F)

A

True

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32
Q

Olfactory Cilia are motile

A

False, they are nonmotile

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33
Q

As the respiratory tree branches into finer/smaller passages, the goblet cell % decreases (T/F)

A

True

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34
Q

Olfactory Epithelium is a type of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (T/F)

A

True

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35
Q

Goblet cells are found in the respiratory epithelium (T/F)

A

True

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36
Q

What are the functions of the tongue

A
  1. Manipulate food
  2. General sensory reception
  3. Taste
  4. Speech
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37
Q

What type of epithelium is on the dorsal side of the tongue?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

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38
Q

What gives the tongue it’s rough texture

A

Lingual papillae

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39
Q

Types of Tongue Papillae

A
  1. Filiform
  2. Fungiform
  3. Circumvallate
  4. Foliate
40
Q

Which tongue papillae are the most abundant and do not have taste buds?

A

Filiform Papillae

41
Q

What are identifying features of the circumvallate papillae?

A

-10-14 papillae along the sulcus terminalis
-Circular furrow surrounds each papilla
-Taste buds present in the lateral walls
-Presence of Von Ebner’s glands

42
Q

What are Von Ebner’s glands and what is their function?

A

Serous glands that flush the taste buds

43
Q

Where are the taste buds found in different tongue papillae?

A

-Circumvallate Papillae: Lateral Walls
-Foliate Papillae: Grooves between the folds
-Fungiform Papillae: Anterior surface

44
Q

What are some identitying features of Foliate papillae?

A

-Leaf-like shaped
-Found on posterolateral margins of the tongue
-Taste buds in grooves between folds

45
Q

What are identifying features of Fungiform papillae?

A

-Mushroom-Shaped
-Dorsal side and tip of tongue
-Look reddish
-Taste buds found on anterior surface

46
Q

What is the regeneration capacity of cells of the tongue?

A

2x as quick as any cell in the human body

47
Q

How much saliva do humans produce everyday?

A

600-1500mL

48
Q

What are the three main salivary glands?

A

-Parotid
-Submandibular
-Sublingual

49
Q

What is the difference between Serous and Mucus Acini?

A

Mucus Acini (made of mucus cells)
-Secrete mucus, poor stain, flattened nucleus, cytoplasm has mucus granules (look foamy)

Serous Acini (made of serous cells)
-Waterly secretion, cuboidal exocrine cells with spherical nuclei

50
Q

What type of acini make up each of the three salivary glands?

A

-Parotid Glands: Exclusively serous acini
-Sublingual Glands: Mixed (predominantly mucus acini)
-Submandibular Glands: Mixed (predominantly serous acini)

51
Q

Where are myoepithelial cells present and what is their function?

A

-Present in both serous and mucus acini
-Actin Predominant
-They squeeze which results in the release of secretions through the ducts

52
Q

What is the general contents of the alimentary tract?

A
  1. Mucosa: Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
  2. Submucosa: Dense irregular tissue
  3. Muscularis: Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
  4. Adventitia
53
Q

What tissues are affected by the mumps (parotitis)?

A

-Swollen or tender glands under eye, jaw or on cheeks
-Sublingual, parotid and submandibular glands

54
Q

What causes the gastroesophageal reflux?

A

Opening of the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing the reflux to occur

55
Q

What are the 5 main cell types and their functions

A

-Mucous cells
-Stem cells
-Parietal cells: Secrete HCL, helps breakdown proteins
-Chief (peptic) cells: Produce pepsin that gets activated by acid secretions
-Endocrine cells: Secretion does directly to the blood circulation

56
Q

What do G-Cells secrete and their function?

A

-Secrete gastrin
-Stimulate parietal cells to secrete acid

57
Q

What are the three anatomical segments of the small intestine?

A

-Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileium

58
Q

What does the plica circularis contain an abundance of in order to increase surface area

A

villi and microvilli

59
Q

What are some key identifying features of the duodenum?

A

-Presence of Brunner’s glands in the submucosa
-Villi tend to be the longest

60
Q

What function do Brunner’s glands play?

A

-Secrete mucus that neutralizes acidity of contents, protecting the epithelia

61
Q

Match these clinical Respiratory Conditions
-Squamous Metaplasia
-Anosmia
-Hyposmia
-Laryngitis
-Bronchiolitis

  1. Cilia degeneration/epithelium changes due to inhalation of toxins
  2. Affects especially young children by the measles virus or adenovirus (mucus clogs the bronchioles)
  3. Loss of smell due to damage of the ethmoid bone
  4. Viral infection that changes the shape of vocal folds/larynx
  5. Smell Reduction resulting in destruction of epithelium, nasal lining and nasal septum
A
  1. Squamous Metaplasia
  2. Bronchiolitis
  3. Anosmia
  4. Laryngitis
  5. Hyposmia
62
Q

Match these clinical respiratory conditions
-Asthma
-Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
-Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
-Emphysema
-Pneumothorax

  1. Chronic lung disease caused by smoking/Enlargement of alveolar spaces
  2. Partially or completely collapsed lung due to blunt trauma to the chest
  3. Chronic inflammation within the bronchial tree/causes constrictions in smooth muscle called bronchospasms
  4. Incomplete differentiation of type II alveolar cells resulting in a deficit of surfactant
  5. Injuries to the alveolar epithelial and the capillary endothelial cells
A
  1. Emphysema
  2. Pneumothorax
  3. Asthma
  4. IRDS
  5. ARDS
63
Q

Respiratory epithelium is a type of ___________ epithelium

A

Pseudostratified Columnar

64
Q

Which of the following cell type is not found in the olfactory epithelium?
A. Basal Cell
B. Clara Cell
C. Supporting Cell
D. Receptor Cell

A

B. Clara Cell

65
Q

Secretion of which cell/gland helps flush the olfactory epithelium?

A

Bowman’s gland

66
Q

Olfactory epithelium lines all the walls of the nasal cavity (T/F)

A

False

67
Q

Trachealis muscle is a type of _________ muscle

A

Smooth

68
Q

Name the substance that is produced by Clara Cells

A

Surfactant (CC16)

69
Q

Branches of the bronchial tree are accompanied by pulmonary artery (T/F)

A

True

70
Q

During inhalation, air from the terminal bronchiole will enter the _________

A

Respiratory Bronchiole

71
Q

Type 1 pneumocytes are _______ type of cells

A

Squamous

72
Q

In the alveoli, surfactant is produced by _________ cells

A

Type II pneumocytes

73
Q

Bowman’s glands are present in which type of epithelium?

A

Olfactory Epithelium

74
Q

Which of the following is not a feature of cilia in the trachea?
A. They are immotile
B. They help keep the trachea clean of particles like dust
C. They drive the mucociliary escalator

A

A. They are immotile

75
Q

Which of the following is true about “Clara cells”?
A. They are found more in the conducting zone
B. They are non-ciliated
C. They produce serum

A

B. They are non-ciliated

76
Q

Which of the following is not part of the alveolar wall?
A. Type I Pneumocyte
B. Supporting tissue with fibroblasts
C. Type II Pneumocyte
D. Goblet Cells

A

D. Goblet Cells

77
Q

Which of the following is a function of the Blood-Air Barrier?

A. Prevent air from entering the alveoli
B. Allow air to enter the alveoli
C. Prevent blood from entering the alveoli
D. Allow blood to enter the capillaries

A

C. Prevent blood from entering the alveoli

78
Q

Which type of cells are the most abundant in the alveoli of lungs?

A

Type I Pneumocyte

79
Q

Which of the following is not true about a Parotid gland?

A. Major salivary gland
B. Exclusive mucus producing gland
C. Exocrine Gland
D Occurs in Pairs

A

B. Exclusive mucus producing gland

80
Q

In the wall of the alimentary canal, the Muscularis mucosa is part of which layer?

A

Mucosa

81
Q

Surface of gastric pits are covered with that type of epithelium?

A

Columnar Epithelium

82
Q

Which cells in the stomach produce HCL?

A

Parietal Cells

83
Q

Name the mucus secreting glands of the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s glands

84
Q

The enterocytes have __________ to increase the surface areas for nutrient absorption?

A

Microvilli

85
Q

In celiac disease, the patient produces an immunological response towards which substance?

A

Gluten

86
Q

Name the MALT of the Ileum

A

Peyer’s Patches

87
Q

Which of the following is not part of the portal triad?

A. Bile Duct
B. Hepatic Artery
C. Portal Vein
D Central Vein

A

D. Central Vein

88
Q

Where are CCK cells located and what do they do?

A

-Located in the villi of the duodenum
-Secrete cholecystokinin in response to food entering the small intestine
-Stimulate pancreatic secretions, gall bladder contractions and intestinal peristalisis (induces satiety)

89
Q

Where is Lacteal located and what is it’s function?

A

-Located in the core of the villi
-Illeum and Jejunum
-Collects lymph for export to the lymphatic circulation

90
Q

What cells comprise the intestinal villus?

A

Simple columnar epithelial cells (enterocytes) and goblet cells

91
Q

What structures are found in the lamina propria of the Ileum?

A

Peyer’s Patches (Lymph nodules)

92
Q

What cells are most abundant in the colon?

A

Colonic crypts and goblet cells

93
Q

Taenia Coli is created due to the thickening of ________________

A

Outer longitudinal (muscularis externa)

94
Q

What disease is due to issues with the Liver

A

Hepatitis

95
Q

What is Glisson’s Capsule?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outer surface of liver parenchyma

Histo (11 decks)

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