Resp. GI Tract Flashcards
What is respiratory epithelium composed of?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells
What are the functions of the respiratory epithelium?
- Warm inspired air (it has blood vessels)
- Trap small particles (it secretes mucus)
- Humidify (it secretes serum)
What is the lamina propria composed of?
blood vessels, serous glands and mucous glands
Where is olfactory epithelium located
Roof of nasal cavity, upper part of the nasal septum, and the superior turbinate
What is olfactory epithelium composed of?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, olfactory cells, supporting cells and basal cells
What is the function of olfactory epithelium?
Bind to odourants and sense of olfaction
Where are Bowman’s glands found and what do they produce?
-Found in the olfactory epithelium (underneath)
-Serous gland that secretes serum to the surface of narrow ducts
What are the differences between respiratory and olfactory epithelium?
- Type of Epithelium
-R: Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated Epithelium
-O: Same, but also made of ciliated olfactory/basal cells - Function
-R: Warm/humidify air, trap debris
-O: Odor setting - Prescence of Goblet Cells
-R: Present
-O: Absent - Location
-R: Everywhere in respiratory tree, except olfactory e.
-O: Roof of nose cavity, sup. turbinate bone, upper nasal septum - Glands
-R: Has submucus glands
-O: Has olfactory glands
What structures are included in the conducting zone?
Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchii and terminal bronchioles
What structures are included in the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli
Main/Accessory Functions of the Conducting Zone
Main
-Warm, moisten and filter air before respiratory zone
Accessory
-Olfactory Mucosa: Smell reception
-Larynx: Generate sound (vocal cords)
The free ends of cartilage in the trachea are joined by which muscle?
Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)
Compare and Contrast Terminal Bronchiole and Respiratory Bronchiole
- Zone
-TB: Conducting
-RB: Respiratory - Lumen
-TB: Small
-RB: Smaller - Goblet Cells
-TB: Few
-RB: None - Clara Cells
-TB: Few
-RB: More - Presence of Hyaline Cartilage
-TB: Lacking
-RB: Lacking
What arises from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity? And what are they covered by?
-Superior turbinate: Olfactory muscosa
-Middle turbinate: Respiratory mucosa
-Inferior turbinate: Respiratory mucosa
What is Waldeyer’s Ring?
Ring-like arrangement of tonsils/lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx tissue
Four Types of Tonsils
- Nasopharyngeal
- Tubal
- Palantine
- Lingual
What type of epithelium covers the vocal cords?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous
Which muscle is found in the vocal cords?
Vocalis
How many bronchopulmonary segments are on the right and left lung?
-Right: 10 segments
-Left: 8 segments
What changes as we move from primary->secondary->Tertiary bronchioles?
-Less goblet cells, less hyaline cartilage and smaller diameter
What are Clara Cells and what do they secrete?
-Non-ciliated cells with dome-shaped apical surface
-Secrete lipoprotein (CC16)
Compare/Contast Pneumocyte type I and II
Most Prominent
-P1: 95%
Epithelium
-P1: Simple Squamous
-P2: Rounded Cells
Function
-P1: Gas Exchange/Form BBB
-P2: Produce surfactant (to line epithelial wall)
Ability to Divide/Transition
-P1: Amniotic (Unable to divide)
-P2: Can differentiate into P1 and P2
Name this clinical condition
-Damage to cilia due to heavy inhalation of toxins
-Causes epithelium to change from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to stratified squamous
Squamous Metaplasia
Lung Cancer Types
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: History of smoking, affects epithelial cells of bronchi
- Adenocarcinoma: Most common lung cancer in nonsmokers, arises from peripheral epithelial cells in bronchioles and alveoli
- Small cell carcinoma: Less common/highly malignant, develops in bronchial respiratory epithelium
Glands that produce serum
Bowman’s Glands
Cells that produce mucous
Goblet Cells
Epithelium with nerve fibers
Olfactory
Structure that lacks cartilage and has Clara cells (Part of the conducting zone)
Terminal Bronchiole
Name the Bronchopulmonary Segments (3)
-Pulmonary Artery: Accompanies the branching pattern of the bronchial tree
-Pulmonary Veins: Lie in the septa and drain blood towards heart
-Lymphatic Vessels: Found between segments
The 3 turbinate bones are covered with olfactory epithelium (T/F)
False
(Superior-Olfactory and Middle/Inferior-Respiratory)
Tracheal cartilage is a type of hyaline cartilage (T/F)
True
Olfactory Cilia are motile
False, they are nonmotile
As the respiratory tree branches into finer/smaller passages, the goblet cell % decreases (T/F)
True
Olfactory Epithelium is a type of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (T/F)
True
Goblet cells are found in the respiratory epithelium (T/F)
True
What are the functions of the tongue
- Manipulate food
- General sensory reception
- Taste
- Speech
What type of epithelium is on the dorsal side of the tongue?
Keratinized stratified squamous
What gives the tongue it’s rough texture
Lingual papillae
Types of Tongue Papillae
- Filiform
- Fungiform
- Circumvallate
- Foliate
Which tongue papillae are the most abundant and do not have taste buds?
Filiform Papillae
What are identifying features of the circumvallate papillae?
-10-14 papillae along the sulcus terminalis
-Circular furrow surrounds each papilla
-Taste buds present in the lateral walls
-Presence of Von Ebner’s glands
What are Von Ebner’s glands and what is their function?
Serous glands that flush the taste buds
Where are the taste buds found in different tongue papillae?
-Circumvallate Papillae: Lateral Walls
-Foliate Papillae: Grooves between the folds
-Fungiform Papillae: Anterior surface
What are some identitying features of Foliate papillae?
-Leaf-like shaped
-Found on posterolateral margins of the tongue
-Taste buds in grooves between folds
What are identifying features of Fungiform papillae?
-Mushroom-Shaped
-Dorsal side and tip of tongue
-Look reddish
-Taste buds found on anterior surface
What is the regeneration capacity of cells of the tongue?
2x as quick as any cell in the human body
How much saliva do humans produce everyday?
600-1500mL
What are the three main salivary glands?
-Parotid
-Submandibular
-Sublingual
What is the difference between Serous and Mucus Acini?
Mucus Acini (made of mucus cells)
-Secrete mucus, poor stain, flattened nucleus, cytoplasm has mucus granules (look foamy)
Serous Acini (made of serous cells)
-Waterly secretion, cuboidal exocrine cells with spherical nuclei
What type of acini make up each of the three salivary glands?
-Parotid Glands: Exclusively serous acini
-Sublingual Glands: Mixed (predominantly mucus acini)
-Submandibular Glands: Mixed (predominantly serous acini)
Where are myoepithelial cells present and what is their function?
-Present in both serous and mucus acini
-Actin Predominant
-They squeeze which results in the release of secretions through the ducts
What is the general contents of the alimentary tract?
- Mucosa: Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
- Submucosa: Dense irregular tissue
- Muscularis: Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
- Adventitia
What tissues are affected by the mumps (parotitis)?
-Swollen or tender glands under eye, jaw or on cheeks
-Sublingual, parotid and submandibular glands
What causes the gastroesophageal reflux?
Opening of the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing the reflux to occur
What are the 5 main cell types and their functions
-Mucous cells
-Stem cells
-Parietal cells: Secrete HCL, helps breakdown proteins
-Chief (peptic) cells: Produce pepsin that gets activated by acid secretions
-Endocrine cells: Secretion does directly to the blood circulation
What do G-Cells secrete and their function?
-Secrete gastrin
-Stimulate parietal cells to secrete acid
What are the three anatomical segments of the small intestine?
-Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileium
What does the plica circularis contain an abundance of in order to increase surface area
villi and microvilli
What are some key identifying features of the duodenum?
-Presence of Brunner’s glands in the submucosa
-Villi tend to be the longest
What function do Brunner’s glands play?
-Secrete mucus that neutralizes acidity of contents, protecting the epithelia
Match these clinical Respiratory Conditions
-Squamous Metaplasia
-Anosmia
-Hyposmia
-Laryngitis
-Bronchiolitis
- Cilia degeneration/epithelium changes due to inhalation of toxins
- Affects especially young children by the measles virus or adenovirus (mucus clogs the bronchioles)
- Loss of smell due to damage of the ethmoid bone
- Viral infection that changes the shape of vocal folds/larynx
- Smell Reduction resulting in destruction of epithelium, nasal lining and nasal septum
- Squamous Metaplasia
- Bronchiolitis
- Anosmia
- Laryngitis
- Hyposmia
Match these clinical respiratory conditions
-Asthma
-Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
-Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
-Emphysema
-Pneumothorax
- Chronic lung disease caused by smoking/Enlargement of alveolar spaces
- Partially or completely collapsed lung due to blunt trauma to the chest
- Chronic inflammation within the bronchial tree/causes constrictions in smooth muscle called bronchospasms
- Incomplete differentiation of type II alveolar cells resulting in a deficit of surfactant
- Injuries to the alveolar epithelial and the capillary endothelial cells
- Emphysema
- Pneumothorax
- Asthma
- IRDS
- ARDS
Respiratory epithelium is a type of ___________ epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar
Which of the following cell type is not found in the olfactory epithelium?
A. Basal Cell
B. Clara Cell
C. Supporting Cell
D. Receptor Cell
B. Clara Cell
Secretion of which cell/gland helps flush the olfactory epithelium?
Bowman’s gland
Olfactory epithelium lines all the walls of the nasal cavity (T/F)
False
Trachealis muscle is a type of _________ muscle
Smooth
Name the substance that is produced by Clara Cells
Surfactant (CC16)
Branches of the bronchial tree are accompanied by pulmonary artery (T/F)
True
During inhalation, air from the terminal bronchiole will enter the _________
Respiratory Bronchiole
Type 1 pneumocytes are _______ type of cells
Squamous
In the alveoli, surfactant is produced by _________ cells
Type II pneumocytes
Bowman’s glands are present in which type of epithelium?
Olfactory Epithelium
Which of the following is not a feature of cilia in the trachea?
A. They are immotile
B. They help keep the trachea clean of particles like dust
C. They drive the mucociliary escalator
A. They are immotile
Which of the following is true about “Clara cells”?
A. They are found more in the conducting zone
B. They are non-ciliated
C. They produce serum
B. They are non-ciliated
Which of the following is not part of the alveolar wall?
A. Type I Pneumocyte
B. Supporting tissue with fibroblasts
C. Type II Pneumocyte
D. Goblet Cells
D. Goblet Cells
Which of the following is a function of the Blood-Air Barrier?
A. Prevent air from entering the alveoli
B. Allow air to enter the alveoli
C. Prevent blood from entering the alveoli
D. Allow blood to enter the capillaries
C. Prevent blood from entering the alveoli
Which type of cells are the most abundant in the alveoli of lungs?
Type I Pneumocyte
Which of the following is not true about a Parotid gland?
A. Major salivary gland
B. Exclusive mucus producing gland
C. Exocrine Gland
D Occurs in Pairs
B. Exclusive mucus producing gland
In the wall of the alimentary canal, the Muscularis mucosa is part of which layer?
Mucosa
Surface of gastric pits are covered with that type of epithelium?
Columnar Epithelium
Which cells in the stomach produce HCL?
Parietal Cells
Name the mucus secreting glands of the duodenum?
Brunner’s glands
The enterocytes have __________ to increase the surface areas for nutrient absorption?
Microvilli
In celiac disease, the patient produces an immunological response towards which substance?
Gluten
Name the MALT of the Ileum
Peyer’s Patches
Which of the following is not part of the portal triad?
A. Bile Duct
B. Hepatic Artery
C. Portal Vein
D Central Vein
D. Central Vein
Where are CCK cells located and what do they do?
-Located in the villi of the duodenum
-Secrete cholecystokinin in response to food entering the small intestine
-Stimulate pancreatic secretions, gall bladder contractions and intestinal peristalisis (induces satiety)
Where is Lacteal located and what is it’s function?
-Located in the core of the villi
-Illeum and Jejunum
-Collects lymph for export to the lymphatic circulation
What cells comprise the intestinal villus?
Simple columnar epithelial cells (enterocytes) and goblet cells
What structures are found in the lamina propria of the Ileum?
Peyer’s Patches (Lymph nodules)
What cells are most abundant in the colon?
Colonic crypts and goblet cells
Taenia Coli is created due to the thickening of ________________
Outer longitudinal (muscularis externa)
What disease is due to issues with the Liver
Hepatitis
What is Glisson’s Capsule?
Dense irregular connective tissue that covers the outer surface of liver parenchyma
