Exam 1 Flashcards
What is the Nuclear Envelope?
Two layers of nuclear membrane
What is the purpose of the Nucleolus?
(2 answers)
Produce rRNA &
Form Ribosomal Subunits
T or F
There can be more than one nucleolus found within a nucleus?
True
What are the Two types of Chromatin found in a nucleus?
Euchromatin (light)
Heterochromatin (dark)
How many pairs of chromosomes are located in the cell Nucleus?
23
Tightly packed nucleas is called?
Pachychromatic
Pachychromatic Nuclei contain more of what?
Heterochromatin
Leptochromatic Nuclei contain more…
(3 specific answers)
Euchromatin
rER
Golgi
What nucleoprotein helps in packaging the DNA?
Histones
Term for DNA within a nucleus
Chromatin
What are transcriptionally ACTIVE and Lightly stained areas within the DNA?
Euchromatin
What are transcriptionally INACTIVE areas that are found in the peripheral areas of the nucleoplasm and are deeply stained?
Heterochromatin
What is a long chain of polymerized nucleotindes that are made up of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
DNA
H2A, H2B, H3, & H4 bound with a histone (H1) & DNA combine to form what?
Nucleosome
How many core histones combine to form a nucleosome?
8
What does the nucleus contain?
-Genetic material (DNA)—>Chromosomes
-Nucleoprotein (histones & enzymes for synthesis of DNA & RNA)
-Some RNA (all three types are produced in the nucleus)
Two major appearances of the nucleus
Pachtchromatic (thick or dense) and Leptochromatic (Fine, thin, delicate)
Characteristics of a Leptochromatic Nucleus
-Increased euchromatic nucleolus (loose DNA)
-Increased rER —>Active Protein
-Golgi—>Synthesis
Characteristics of Pachychromatic Nuclei
-More Heterochromatin (compact DNA)
-Cytoplasm: Few Organelles
-More dormant cell—>Does no do much protein synthesis
Structure of the Nucleus
- Nuclear envelope: Two layers of nuclear membrane
- Nucleolus: For synthesis of the rRNA
- Chromatin
-Euchromatin: light/rare areas
-Heterochromatin: darker/dense area
Where are the ribosomal subunits formed?
Nucleolus, inside the nucleus
Where are the ribosomal RNA produced?
Nucleolus
What is the responsibility of the nuclear envelope?
-Enclosing the nuclear material and separating it from the cytoplasm
Name the two parallel membranes of the nuclear envelope
-Outer nuclear membrane: Continuous with the membrane of rER
-Inner nuclear membrane
What is the thin space between the two nuclear membranes
Perinuclear cisterna
What is perinuclear cisterna?
This space is the continuation with the cisternae of rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)
What is the nuclear Lamina?
A fibrous layer that supports the inner nuclear membrane, that’s built from proteins called Lamin
What are nuclear pores?
Openings in the nuclear envelope
What is the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and what do they do?
-A cylinder-like structure that builds the nuclear pore
-Permit passage of certain molecules in either directions
What are some characteristics of the nucleolus?
-Dense structure
-Not covered by any membrane
-Number: can be one or more)
-Well developed (prominent) in cells with very active protein synthesis
What does the nucleolus contain?
-DNA: genes that encode for the rRNA formation
-rRNA and protein
What are nucleolar organizer regions?
DNA genes that encode for rRNA formation
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Site for the synthesis of the rRNA
Function of connective tissue
Support cells/organs
Act as medium exchange for nutrients and wastes
Protect against microorganisms
repairs damaged tissue
Connective tissue is made of
Cells
Extracellular matrix
Sulfated GAGs like to bind to
H2O
Whats GAG?
Glycos Amino Glycans
Ground substance consists of
proteoglycans
The most common fiber type is
collagen fiber
The most common collagen fiber
Type 1
Collagen is mostly secreted by
fibroblasts
most abundant protein in body
collagen
amino acids are linked together in a single stranded peptide
procollagen alpha chain
most common AA chain
proline-lysine-glysine
where does the formation of each procollagen alpha chain happen
in rER
once procollagen alpha chains assembles into a triple helix structure it is now called
procollagen molecule
procollagen molecules are…….
(2 answers)
- it is soluble
- can be stored in the fibroblasts until release
from the rER the procollgen molecules are transported to the
golgi apparatus
what prevents procollagen molecules from undergoing fibrillogenesis until they have been secreted
inactivation peptides
Whats tropocollagen
procollagen without its inactivation peptides
whats fibrillogenesis
is the development of fine fibrils normally present in collagen fibers of connective tissue
the packaging of soluble procollagen in secretory vesicles happens in the
golgi apparatus
what assists transport of soluble procollagen molecules to cell surface
secretory vesicles- microtubules and microfilaments
another name for type 3 collagen fibers
reticular fibers
recticular fibers are found in
lymphoid organs
endocrine glands
liver
basement membrane
surrounding adipocytes
small blood vessels
nerves and muscle cells
Whats secreted by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
elastic fibers
Explain Marfan’s Syndrome at a histological level
There’s a mutation in the fibrillin gene, where the scaffold is effected.
Symptoms of Marfan’s
Lack of resistance in tissues rich in elastic cells
Aneurysms
Curved spine
Excessively long limbs
4 main cells of connective tissue
Fibroblasts
Mast Cells
Macrophages
Plasma Cells
Most common cell in CT
Fibroblasts
Fibroblasts secrete
(4 answers)
Collagen
Elastin
GAGs
PGs
Active fibroblasts have
Leptochromatic nucleus
more rER
more Golgi
Inactive fibroblasts have
Pachychromatic nucleus
less rER
less Golgi
Inactive fibroblasts are called
fibrocytes
How does wound repair work?
- Fibroblasts undergo mitosis to create more myofibroblasts
- Myofibroblasts have increased actin-increased contractile function
- Myofibroblasts secrete CT like collagen/elastin to fill up space with a dense reticular connective tissue
Disorders caused by accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen deposited in the skin by hyperproliferation of fibroblasts
hypertrophic scars and keloids
Name the term that describes scars that grow beyond the boundaries of the original wound and does not regress.
keloid
mother of all tissue
mesenchyme
Found in loose CT near smaller blood vessels, skin, mucosal membranes of GI and respiratory tracts
Mast cells
What do mast cells secrete
Heparin
Histamine
Cytokines
Gets secreted as protection in an inflammatory response
Origination of mast cells
Bone marrow
Irregular shaped cell with large leptochromatic nucleus
Macrophages
Where are macrophages found?
Lungs
Bone Marrow
Blood
Macrophage function
Remove debris at the site of inflammation
This cell is Oval shaped and has a pachychromatic nucleus
Plasma Cells
Where are plasma cells found?
CT
Bone Marrow
Blood
Plasma cell function
Produce immunoglobulin antibodies
Antibody function to neutralize antigen that it binds to
Where’s loose CT found?
Found in under epithelia
Filler between muscles and nerves
What is dense CT primarily made of?
Type 1 fibers
Connective tissue classifications
- CT Proper
- Embryonic CT
- Reticular CT
What does CT primarily do?
Protects organs
describe the nucleus
Pachychromatic
the dark area found in the nucleus?
the area with gaps in the NE are what?
Nucleus
Nuclear Pores
What is the “waffling” in the cell?
Nuclear Lamina
Describe the Nucleus
Leptochromatic
What is: A, B, C, & D
A: Hectocromatin
B: Euchromatin
C: Pachychromatic Nucleus
D: Leptochromatic Nucleus
Type of Muscle cells pictured?
Cardiac Muscle Cells
The _________ nucleus contains two ________.
Leptochromatic
Nucleolus
The cells labeled G are what?
What is their purpose in the cell?
What type of nucleus?
Goblet Cells | Produce Mucus
Pachychromatic
What is A, B, & C?
A: Goblet Cell
B: Leptochromatic (active) Nucleus
C: Microvilli
What is the type of tissue pictured?
Liver Tissue
Type of CT thats a strong, flexible tendon and ligament tissue. Very few blood vessels.
Dense regular CT
CT in umbilical cord called?
Mucoid CT (Wharton’s Jelly)
The regenerative tissue of the growing embryo during embryogenesis
Mesenchyme
Provides framework for tissues like bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes
Reticular CT
Type of Epithelia and cells on the outer layer?
Transitional Epithelia w/Dome/umbrella cells
Name the line (A) separating the Kinocilia with what epithelia layer (B)?
A: Kinetosome
B: Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
Tissue consists of
group of cells and extracellular substance
What is the (1) & (2) arrows pointing to?
1: umbrella cells
2: Basal cells
The following are examples of:
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia
Picture depicts an example of what kind of Epithelium?
Simple Columnar Epithelium
The living component of tissue is (1.) and the non living component is (2.)
- Cells
- Extracellular substance
What kind of epithelial tissues is depicted?
Simple Squamous
This picture shows _______ _______ epithelium and is found in the lining of what?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Ducts of the Renal Tubule
The 4 primary tissues in the body
Epithelial tissue
Connective Tissues
Muscle Tissue
Nerve Tissue
This is a picture of what?
Glomerular epithelium of the Kidney Cortex
Arrows
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
This is a longitudinal section of:
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium (Ducts of the Renal Tubule)
1, 2 & 3
- Simple Columnar Epithelium
- Nucleus
- Blood Vessel
2, 4-6, 7, 8
2: Glycocalyx
4-6: Cell Junctions
7: Vessicle
8: Mitochondrion
Characteristics of Epithelial tissue
- Closely packed array of cells
- Cells sit on basement membrane
- Polarity in structure
- Avascular
Classifications of Epithelial tissue
- Lining epithelium
- Glandular epithelium
- Transitional epithelium
Functions of epithelium
- Protection (not glandular)
- Secretion (not lining)
- Absorption
- Transport of material on the epithelial surface and transcellular transport
- Selective permeability
- Sensory cells
what are the black and white bars near the bottom of the picture?
Collagen Type 1
Explain the structure of simple epithelia
all cells touch the basement membrane and all cells reach the free surface
These are fibers of ________ which are compromised of:
Collagen Type 1, Fibrils
Explain the structure of pseudostratified epithelia
all cells touch the basement membrane but not all cells touch the free surface
The scaffold between these cells are:
Collagen Type 3
Name the marked areas:
1: Plasma Membrane
2: Collagen Type 1
3: Mitochondria
4: rER cisterna
5: Ribosome
The pictures are ___________, where the dark purple areas are______.
Bundles of Collagen Type 1 | Fibroblasts
Explain the structure of stratified epithelia
only the basal layer cells touch the basement membrane touches and not all cells touch the free surface
label each picture from left to right: ______, _______, ______, and are different examples of: _________ & ________.
Mesentry | Deomis | Wall of Blood Vessel
Collagen Type 1 & Elastic Fibers
This cell is a:
macrophage
Dark purple areas are:
The pink ares are:
This is tissue is an example of:
Fibroblast/Fibrocyte
Collagen Type 1
Dense Regular CT
Explain the structure of transitional epithelia
the surface change between squamous and cuboidal shapes
The dark circles in the images are:
Mast Cells
The cells in these photos are:
Plasma Cells
type of epithelia with a single layer of flattened, irregularly shaped nuclei
Simple squamous
The dark circles in this picture are:
Mast Cells
What kind of cell?
Plasma Cell
What are simple squamous epithelia involved in?
Passive transport of either gases or fluids
What is labeled L?
What is labeled D?
L: Loose Connective Tissue
D: Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Type of CT?
What type of tissue?
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Collagen Type 1
type of epithelia with a single layer of square shaped, polygonal nuclei
simple cuboidal
1? 2? 3?
What kind of tissue is found in the cell?
1: Collagen Type 1 Bundle
2: Fibroblast Nucleus
3: Blood Vessel
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Pink part?
Purple dots?
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Fibroblasts
Functions of simple cuboidal epithelium
Excretory
Secretory
Absorptive
Where can simple cuboidal be found?
found in linings of small ducts, tubules of salivary, pancreas, and kidneys
What are the areas pointing to?
Collagen type 3 | Reticulin
Type of tissue found in the umbilical cord?
Mucoid Connectie Tissue
Initial tissue, referred to as the Mother of All tissue.
mesenchyme
type of epithelia with a single layer of elongated nuclei
simple columnar
Where are simple columnar epithelia found?
Found on absorptive surfaces such as small intestine
Type of epithelia with two or more layers
Stratified epithelium
How do you determine the type of stratified epithelia?
The type is determined by the top layer
Main function of stratified epithelia?
Protective function
Type of epithelia that is the strongest protection against abrasion
Non-keratinized stratified squamous
where is non keratinized stratified squamous found?
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Anal,Cervix, Vaginal canals
Type pf epithelia that the tongue is made of
Keratinized stratified squamous
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
Found in the lining of sweat gland in the skin
Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?
Present in the lining of large excretory ducts of exocrine glands
Type of epithelium found in the respiratory tract
Pseudostratified (columnar) epithelium
Motile cilia is called
Kinocilia
Non-motile cilia is called
Stereocilia
Where can transitional epithelium be found?
Bladder, 1/2 urethra
Where can the dome/umbrella cells be found?
Transitional epithelium
Structures found on the apical surface of epithelia
Microvilli
Kinocilia
Stereocilia
Structure found on the lateral surface of epithelia
Cell junctions Zo, Za, Ma
Structure found on the basal surface of epithelia
Hemidesmosome
Basal Lamina
Epithelium of small intestine and tubules in kidney have a (1) which consists of 3000 microvili per cell
Brush Border
Core of each microvillus
Microfilaments
What motor protein allows for kinocilia to bend?
Dynein
Syndrome from absence of dynein
Kartagener’s Syndrome
The terminal bar consists of
Cell junction and gap junction
What are Zo/Za/Ma main function?
to seal the intercellular spaces and hold the cells tightly together
Which tight junction forms a collar around each cell
Zo
What’s the transmembrane protein that helps stitch the cell membranes tightly together?
Claudin
Which tight junction provide anchorage spots for the cytoskeleton?
Za and Ma
What is each connexon made of?
6 connexins
Functions of gap junction
- control the growth, development, and cell differentation
- Electrical coupling for visceral and cardiac cells
What is the function of hemidesmosomes?
Facilitate adhesion of epithelium to basement membrane
The basal lamina consists of 4 cell structures:
Type 4 collagen
Laminin
Entactin
Proteoglycan (PG)
Glandular epithelium with ducts is?
Exocrine Glands
Glandular epithelium without ducts is?
Endocrine Glands
Exocrine gland that is most common mechanism of secretion
Merocrine (eccrine) secretion
Exocrine gland that has the cells burst open
Holocrine secretion
Exocrine gland that is mainly a mammary gland, where the pinched off portion of cell is secreted
Apocrine secretion
What cell is unicellular, and it’s main. purpose is the synthesis and secretion of mucous?
Goblet Cell
Where are goblet cells found?
Respiratory and Gastro-Intestinal tracts
Mesothelium is also called
simple squamous epithelium
T/F
Type II collagen is the most common type of collagen found in the Human body.
False
T/F
Fibrocytes are inactive fibroblasts.
True
T/F
If the inactivation peptides are cleaved, the procollagen molecule can never be incorporated in the collagen fiber.
False
T/F
Osteoclasts (cells that degrade bone matrix) are similar to fibroblasts in function.
False
T/F
Wharton’s jelly is another name for Mucoid CT.
True
T/F
Sulfated GAGs have a strong water-binding property.
True
T/F
Type I collagen production is different from other proteins in that it does not go through Golgi body.
False
T/F
Plasma cells are matured B-lymphocytes.
True
T/F
Dermis is a type of connective tissue.
True
T/F
Connective tissue acts like a medium for transport of nutrients to other tissues.
True
T/F
Procollagen modification by hydroxylation and glycosylation happens in the rough ER.
True
T/F
The typical light-dark banding is only seen on Type I collagen.
True
T/F
Fibroblasts are needed to initiate an inflammatory response.
False
T/F
Loose CT lacks collagen fibers, and is only made of ground substance and cells.
False
T/F
Mast cells granules are actually inclusion bodies produced by the cell.
False
T/F
Aortic aneurysm is the deposition of plaque inside the Aorta.
False
T/F
Reticular connective tissue has regenerative properties, hence utilized in research.
False
T/F
The extracellular matrix is made of cells and ground substance.
False
T/F
Mast cells originate in the bone marrow with other blood cells.
True
T/F
Fibroblast is the most common cell type of the CT.
True
T/F
Fibrillin forms a scaffold required for the formation of healthy Elastic fibers.
True
T/F
Macrophages have the ability to clean up the debris of self and foreign cells.
True
T/F
Macrophages are generally inactive and hence carry a pachychromatic nucleus.
False
T/F
Reticulin is a type of Collagen.
True
T/F
Hemidesmosomes are partial Zonula adherens junctions.
False
T/F
n a pseudostratified columnar epithelium, all cells are attached to the basement membrane.
True
T/F
Epithelium can carry our absorption and secretions.
True
T/F
Epithelial tissue has blood vasculature that supplies it with nutrients.
False
T/F
Cells of the simple cuboidal epithelium that are found in renal tubules that carry urine, are connected to each other by excess cell junctions.
True
T/F
Goblet cells are secretory in nature.
True
T/F
Epithelium is the only tissue without a basement membrane.
False
T/F
Macula Adherens is also called as Desmosomes.
True
T/F
Collectively, all cell junctions are called Terminal Web.
False
T/F
Goblet cells are tall like the surrounding columnar cells and can reach the free surface of the epithelium.
True
T/F
Microvilli are covered with glycocalyx but Kinocilia are not.
True
T/F
Transitional epithelium is also called as mesothelium.
False
T/F
Microvilli and Cilia both are supported by actin protein.
False
T/F
Gap junctions play in important role in Juxtacrine signaling where cell have to be in direct physical contact to interact/ exchange.
True
T/F
The web of actin that supports the microvilli is called as Terminal Bar.
True
T/F
Holocrine secretion involves break down of the cells of the gland that secretes.
True
T/F
Claudin proteins forms the ZO junction.
True
T/F
Transitional epithelium is found in the stomach which is distended when you consume food filling the stomach lumen.
False
T/F
Epithelial tissue are of lining and glandular types.
True
T/F
Kinocilia are non-motile structures meant for binding to odorants in the olfactory epithelium.
False
T/F
Terminal web is made of actin protein.
True
T/F
Epithelium is a free flow layer because it is highly permeable.
False
T/F
The non-keratinized epithelial cells are dead cells.
False
T/F
Blood vessels have a lining epithelium of simple columnar type.
False
T/F
Zonula Occludens are also called as Connexons.
False
T/F
Eccrine secretion involves chunks/ parts of the cell breaking off to be a part of the secretion.
False
T/F
Stereocilia can carry our water/ liquid absorption.
True
T/F
Simple squamous epithelium of the heart is called endothelium.
True
T/F
Simple squamous epithelium makes a really good filtration barrier in the kidney filtration units.
True
T/F
Stratified cuboidal epithelium is generally only 2 layers in thickness.
True
T/F
Nuclear membrane is a single layer made up of Reticulin A, B and C.
False
T/F
Nucleoproteins are required for DNA packaging and synthesis of DNA/RNA.
True
T/F
Telomeres are not found on all chromosomes.
False
T/F
A Leptochromatic nucleus is a typical feature of a highly inactive/ dormant cell.
False
T/F
Regardless of the cell shape, the nucleus is always rounded.
False
T/F
Trisomy 18 is an example of Aneuploidy.
True
T/F
Hematoxylin dye is basic and it is bluish- purple in color. Given the nature of this dye, ribosomes would stain purple.
True
T/F
A Pachychromatic nucleus contains higher proportions of Heterochromatin.
True
