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Histo > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

A number of glands can signal each other in sequence called…

A

Axis

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2
Q

What is the master gland

A

Pituitary gland/ hypophysis

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3
Q

The pituitary gland is subdivided into ANT and POST, what is the cell origin of each?

A

ANT- Epithelial
POST- Nervous

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4
Q

What are the names of the ANT and POST divisions of the hypophysis gland?

A

Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis

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5
Q

What types of cells are found in the adenohypophysis?

A

Chromophils (acidophil and basophil)
Chromophobes

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6
Q

What hormone does Acidophils (from ANT lobe of pituitary) secret? And what do they do?

A

Growth Hormone (GH) Growth plates
Prolactin (LTH) mammary gland acini

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7
Q

What hormone does Basophil (from ANT lobe of pituitary) secret? And what do they do?

A

Thyrotropic hormone (TSH)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and lipotropic hormone (LPH)

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8
Q

What are Chromophobe cells?

A

Non-secreting, dormant cells that proliferate into chromophils

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9
Q

What are Chromophobe cells?

A

Non-secreting, dormant cells that proliferate into chromophils of the anterior pituitary gland

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10
Q

What is the axis of Growth hormone releasing hormone (GH-RH)

A

Simulates acidophils to produce GH

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11
Q

What is the axis of Dopamine?

A

Inhibits acidophils producing prolactin.

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12
Q

What is the axis of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

Stimulates basophils to secret TSH

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13
Q

What is the axis of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Stimulates basophils to secret FSH and LH

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14
Q

What is the axis of Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

Stimulates basophils to secret ACTH and LPH

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15
Q

What do pituicytes do?

A

Regulate secretion from nerve cells of neurohypophysis

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16
Q

Unmyelinated nerve fibers of the Neurohypophysis are derived from neuro secretory cells of the Supraoptic and Paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. What do they secret?

A

Paraventricular nucleus- oxytocin
Supraoptic nucleus- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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17
Q

Accumulating hormone bound granules are stored near axon terminals in what?

A

Herring bodies

18
Q

What is the fluid inside follicles of the thyroid gland called?

A

Colloid

19
Q

Follicles of the thyroid gland have a single cuboidal epithelial layers that are the only cell able to absorb what molecule?

A

Iodine

20
Q

What is found in the follicles of the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroglobulin, enzymes, T3 and T4, Iodine

21
Q

Follicular cells are also known as…

A

principal cells

22
Q

Explain the regulation of thyroid hormone production.

A

T3 and T4 concentration in blood is monitored. If levels are low, hypothalamus releases TRH, triggering TSH released from pituitary. This will trigger release of T3 and T4 by thyroid follicle cells. This will increase metabolic rate of body cells and raise body temperature.
Via negative feedback, elevated T3 and T4 levels inhibit release of TRH and TSH from hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

23
Q

Name the cells of the thyroid gland

A

Follicular cells
Para follicular cells

24
Q

What do parafollicular cells secret and what does it do?

A

Calcitonin- suppresses bone reabsorption (Ca+ regulation)
by increasing osteoblast activity and decreasing osteoclast activity

25
Q

What does the parathyroid gland secrete? And what does it do?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Regulates Ca+ and Phosphate levels in the blood. (counter acts parafollicular cells of thyroid)

26
Q

What types of cells are found in the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief/principal cells (active)
Oxyphil cells (inactive)
Adipose cells

27
Q

Name the layers (Sup-Deep) of the Adrenal cortex

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasiculata
Zona Reticularis

28
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secret?

A

Aldosterone

29
Q

What does zona fasciculata secret?

A

Glucocorticoids (like cortisone/corticosterone)

30
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

Sex hormones (androgen and estrogen)

31
Q

What is another word for zona fasciculata?

A

Spongiocytes due to their foamy appearance

32
Q

What are the cells of the adrenal medulla and what do they secret?

A

Chromaffin cells
Epinephrine and norepinephrine

33
Q

What does the pineal gland secret?

A

Melatonin

34
Q

What are the cells of the pineal gland?

A

Pinealocytes
Glial cells

35
Q

What types of cells are found in the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
Epsilon cells
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

36
Q

What do Alpha cells secret? And what does it do?

A

Glucagon - responds to low glucose levels in the blood

37
Q

What do Beta cells secret? And what does it do?

A

Insulin - Responds when glucose levels in the blood are too high

38
Q

What do Delta cells secret? And what does it do?

A

Somatostatin - inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

39
Q

What do Epsilon cells secret? And what does it do?

A

Ghrelin - stimulates hunger

40
Q

What do PP cells secret? And what does it do?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide - satiety

Histo (11 decks)

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