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Histo > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are other names for a plasma membrane?

A

Plasmalemma or cell membrane

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2
Q

Major components of a cell (3)

A

Plasma membrane (outer) , cytoplasm, nucleus

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3
Q

Functions of plasma membrane (6)

A
  1. Envelope of the cell
  2. Perform as a semipermeable membrane
  3. Place for membrane receptors
  4. Signal transduction into intracellular environment
  5. Cell to cell integration
  6. Maintain electrical gradient between intra & extracellular (capacitance)
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4
Q

Components of a plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids,
cholesterol,
proteins,
oligosaccharide chains (linked to phospholipids and proteins)

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5
Q

What makes up the phospholipid-bilayer structure?

A
  • P-Face

- E-Face

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6
Q

The inner layer that faces the cytoplasm in a phospholipid-bilayer structure

A

P-Face

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7
Q

The Outer layer that faces the extracellular compartment in a phospholipid-bilayer structure

A

E-face

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8
Q

Nonpolar fatty acid chains, can be _________ or _________

A
  • Saturated; Straight

- Unsaturated; Kinked

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9
Q

Structural components of a phospholipid (2)

A
  • Polar head group

- Nonpolar (long chain) fatty acid chains

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10
Q

What kind of fatty acid allows the phospholipid structure to be straight?

A

Saturated

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11
Q

What kind of fatty acid allows the phospholipid structure to be bent?

A

Unsaturated

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12
Q

Membrane __________ is present in about the same amount as phospholipid?

A

Cholesterol

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13
Q

Phospholipids are most stable when organized into a double layer with the _______ fatty acid chains located in a middle region away from water and the _________ polar head groups contacting the water?

A

Hydrophobic, hydrophilic

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14
Q

Phospholipids are _________, consisting of two _______ long-chain fatty acid’s liked to a charged _________ head that bears a phosphate group.

A

Amphipathic, non-polar, polar

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15
Q

The polar hydrophobic head of a phospholipid gets attracted to water on the __________, turn and that chain will automatically face __________.

A

Outside, inside

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16
Q

Fluidity is crucial for the purpose of: (4)

A

-Exocytosis, endocytosis, membrane trafficking and membrane biogenesis

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17
Q

Fluidity increases with:

A
  • Increased temperature

- Increased number of unsaturated bonds of the fatty acyl tails

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18
Q

Fluidity decreases with:

A

Decrease in temperature

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19
Q

Function of Cholesterol in the plasma membrane

A

-Acts as a fluidity buffer with changes in temperature

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20
Q

Function of Cholesterol in the plasma membrane (Depending on temperature)

A
  • Cold temperatures: prevents the membrane from becoming rigid
  • Hot temperatures: Acts as an interfering molecule and lowers fluidity
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21
Q

Membrane Proteins constitute around ____% of plasma membrane

A

50

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22
Q

Types of Integral Protein

A

Transmembrane and multi pass proteins

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23
Q

___________ proteins are firmly embedded in the lipid layers; those that completely span the bilayer are called _________ proteins

A

Integral, transmembrane

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24
Q

Protein to lipid ratio in a plasma membrane is more or less _______

A

1:1

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25
Q

Multipass proteins can either move _______, or held static in place by part of the cytoskeleton

A

Laterally

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26
Q

List the 6 integral protein categories (6)

*Know These

A

Pumps, Channels, Receptors, Linkers, Enzymes, Structural proteins

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27
Q

____________ transport certain ions like Na+, amino acids and sugars. (Sodium potassium)

A

Pumps

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28
Q

_____________ allow for passive diffusion of small ions, molecules and water. (Aquaporin)

A

Channels

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29
Q

_________________ allow the ligands to bind to such as hormones, antibodies, coated vesicle endocytosis

A

Receptor Proteins

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30
Q

_____________ anchor the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix

A

Linker proteins

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31
Q

Example of Enzymes for Integral Proteins:

__________ for ion pumping

A

ATPases

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32
Q

Function of Structural Proteins

A

Forming junction with neighboring cells

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33
Q

What does Spectrin do?

A

Stabilizes cell membranes or erythrocytes

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34
Q

Mutations in spectrin causes hereditary defects of the erythrocyte such as: (2)
*Know these

A

Hereditary elliptocytosis, hereditary spherocytosis

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35
Q

Oligosaccharide chains constitute the _____________

A

Glycocalyx

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36
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Phospholipids and membrane proteins that have the oligosaccharide chains attached

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37
Q

Types of transport across the plasma membrane (3)

A

-Passive, active, vesicular

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38
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Transport where no energy is requires and materials move from higher to lower concentrations

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39
Q

Types of passive transport

A
  • Simple diffusion

- Facilitated Diffusion: Channel, carrier/pump

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40
Q

What are some characteristics of simple diffusion?

A

-lipophilic, diffuse easily, exchange oxygen and CO2 though the lung blood air barrier

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41
Q

What is aquaporin?

A

A protein channel that allows water to come in

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42
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transport where energy (ATP) is required to transport molecules against electrochemical gradient via carrier protein

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43
Q

Forms of active transport

A

-Primary active transport, secondary active transport

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44
Q

Primary Active Transport uses __________

A

ATP

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45
Q

Forms of secondary active transport

A
  • Symporter (Same directions)

- Antiporter (Opposite directions)

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46
Q

How does secondary active transport work?

A

Harnessing energy while moving substances up the concentration gradient while pushing Na down the gradient

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47
Q

Forms of Endocytosis (Vesicular Transport)

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

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48
Q

Definition/Process of Phagocytosis

A

“Cell Eating”

-Bacteria/Dead cells are engulfed and those materials are internalized and broken down (cytoplasmic vacuole/phagosome)

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49
Q

What blood-derived cells are specialized for phagocytosis?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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50
Q

Definition/Process of Pinocytosis

A
  • “Cell Drinking”

- Involves smaller invaginations of the cell membrane which fuse and entrap extracellular fluid (looking like fluid)

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51
Q

What is the difference between phagocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis

A
  • RME: Involves receptors that will bind to a specific molecule and only take that in
  • Phagocytosis: Uses cells like macrophages/neutrophil to keep area free of debris
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52
Q

What is an example of receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

Developing RBC’s in bone marrow (RBCs need Iron)

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53
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Movement of large molecules from the cell by vesicular transport
-Move from P Face to E Face

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54
Q

What do secretory vesicles/secretory granules contain

A

Enzymes accumulated in the apical portion of cells that are ready to be released into lumen

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55
Q

What is membrane trafficking?

A

Process of membrane movement and recycling through the process of endocytosis and exocytosis

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56
Q

What are cells characteristically involved in endocytosis/absorption in the GI tract?

A

Simple epithelia

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57
Q

What are cells characteristically involved in exocytosis/secretion?

A

Glandular epithelium

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58
Q

What are types of glandular epithelium? (3)

A

Serous gland, mucus gland and demilune

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59
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Increase surface area

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60
Q

What is the purpose of the serous gland?

A

Secreting mainly proteins and enzymes

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61
Q

What is the purpose of the mucus gland?

A

Secreting mucous

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62
Q

What is the purpose of the demilune?

A

Secretes both serous and mucous products

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63
Q

Cells communicate with one another to: (3)

A
  1. Regulate tissue and organ development
  2. To control their growth and division
  3. To coordinate their functions
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64
Q

Types of cell signalling (5)

A

Endocrine, paracrine, synaptic, autocrine, juxtacrine

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65
Q

In ____________ signaling, the signal molecules (hormones) are carried in the blood from their sources to target cells throughout the body

A

Endocrine

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66
Q

In_________ signaling, the chemical ligand diffuses in extracellular fluid but is rapidly metabolized so that its effect is only local on target cells near its source.

A

Paracrine

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67
Q

In_________signaling, a special kind of paracrine interaction, neurotransmitters act on adjacent cells through special contact areas called____________

A

Synaptic, synapses

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68
Q

In___________ signaling, signals bind receptors on the same cells that produced the messenger molecule.

69
Q

In___________ signaling, important in early embryonic tissue interactions, the signaling molecules are cell membrane-bound proteins which bind surface receptors of the target cell when the two cells make direct physical contact.

A

Juxtacrine

70
Q

The cytoplasm consists of: (4)

A

Cytosol (fluid component), organelles, inclusion, cytoskeleton

71
Q

Organelles in the cytoplasm (5)

A 
Ribosomes
rER & sER
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondria
72
Q

Inclusions in the cytoplasm

A

Glycogen
Lipid droplets
Lipofuscin & melanin

73
Q

Cytoskeleton components in the cytoplasm

A

Microtubules & Centrosome
Microfilaments (= actin filaments)
Intermediate filaments

74
Q

Characteristics/Functions of a Ribosome

A
  • Very large enzyme systems
  • Create the place for amino acid arrangement
  • Catalyze the peptide bond formation in the process of protein synthesis
75
Q

Each ribosome has two subunits of unequal sizes ____S & _____S. Combined they equal _____S

76
Q

What does S stand for in a ribosome

A

Svedberg units: A measure of sedimentation of coefficients

77
Q

Types of ribosomal arrangements (2)

A

1) free or polyribosomes (polysomes)

2) ribosomes which are fixed to the endoplasmic reticulum forming the rough ER

78
Q

Translation requires: (3)

A

RRNA, mRNA, tRNA

79
Q

What role does rRNA play in Translation?

A

-Forms the ribosomes when bound to other ribosomal proteins

80
Q

What role does mRNA play in translation?

A

Carries the genetic codes as codons to determine what amino acids will be added

81
Q

The __________ will transfer a certain amino acid molecule, to be added in a proper sequence to the growing polypeptide chain, as dictated by the sequence of codon on mRNA.

82
Q

What would be considered a start codon

83
Q

What would be considered Stop Codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

84
Q

The tRNA contains about _____ nucleotides with an amino acid attached to its terminal

85
Q

Characteristics of Free Ribosomes

A
  • Floating around in the cytoplasm
  • May form polyribosomes or polysomes
  • Products are destined for self-use (nucleus, cytoplasm and mitcochondria)
86
Q

Where are membrane-bound ribosomes attached?

A

On the surface of the ER (to become rER)

87
Q

Where are membrane-bound ribosomes destined for? (3)

A
  • Export out of the cell (cell secretion)
  • For the lysosomal proteins
  • The integral membrane proteins
88
Q

What is the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

An interconnecting network of membranous tissues, flattened sacs (with lumen)

89
Q

What are the differences between rER and sER?

A 
Structure 
Ribosome formation on the surface 
(rER has this, making the surface rough)
Functions 
-Lipid Biosynthesis (sER)
-Metabolism of glycogen and detoxification of very noxious metabolic by-products (sER)
-Storage and release of calcium ions
90
Q

What happens to the raw material that is endocytosed by a cell?

A

It will be processed to become the amino acids, which will be recycled to participate in the process of protein synthesis again

91
Q

The 4 main types of phospholipids are:

A

Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Sphingomyelin

92
Q

Membrane fluidity is dependent on cholesterol and temperature (T/F)

93
Q

What is amphipathic

A

2 hydrophobic long chain fatty acids linked to a hydrophilic head that bears a phosphate group.

94
Q

Types of Membrane Proteins

A

Integral and Peripheral Proteins

95
Q

What is the hydrophilic component of the phospholipid

A

Polar head group

96
Q

What is the hydrophobic component of the phospholipid

A

non polar fatty acid chains

97
Q

What is the role of peripheral proteins?

A

Assist the integral proteins

98
Q

What does the word oligosaccharide mean?

A

Sugar molecule chains

99
Q

What are examples of pumps

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

-can also be used for amino acids and sugars

100
Q

What are examples of channels

101
Q

What are examples of receptor proteins

A

Endocrine system: Hormones, antibodies, coated vesicle endocytosis

102
Q

What is an example of a linker protein

A

Integrin family: links cytoplasmic actin filaments to an extra cellular matrix protein (fibronectin)

103
Q

Example of enzyme

A

ATP Synthase

104
Q

Example of Structural proteins

A

Epithelial tissue

105
Q

What is hereditary elliptocytosis?

A

RBCs are mis-shaped, going from a concave shape to an elliptical (oval) shape

106
Q

What is hereditary spherocytosis?

A

RBCs are mis-shaped from their normal concave shape into a sphere (circle) shape

107
Q

What can hereditary ellipto\spherocytosis cause?

A

Issues in overall blood circulation and enlarged spleen (which filters out blood)

108
Q

What are glycocalyx made of

A

Saccharides

109
Q

What forms the glycocalyx

A

Oligosaccharide chains

110
Q

Where is the glycocalyx found?

A

E-Face Only

111
Q

What is the function of the glycocalyx?

A

Provides cells with a specific identity for things like cell interactions

112
Q

What does the glycocalyx look like

A

Outer fuzzy layer

113
Q

How do carriers/pumps work with facilitated diffusion?

A

Proteins bind to the molecule, can transport them by undergoing a series of conformational changes (ie. change shape)

114
Q

What is pseudopodia?

A

Surface folds that occur in phagocytosis that look like feet

115
Q

Explain the process of receptor mediated endocytosis

A
  • Ligands bind to specific receptors
  • A depression is formed
  • Clathrin and adaptor protein help bind to the ligands
  • Dynamin: separates the cell from the surface
116
Q

Example of receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Developing RBCs (Found in Bone Marrow)

117
Q

Explain RME in developing RBCs

A

Engulf Fe-transferrin in order to produce hemoglobin

118
Q

What are examples of exocytosis

A

-Salivary gland, pancreas, endocrine glands

119
Q

How do you identify acids and bases in exocytosis

A

Hematoxylin (Basic): Stains acidic substances (eg. DNA) purple or blue
Eosin (Acidic): Stains basic substances pink (ie. vesicles with basic proteins)

120
Q

What does endocytosis do in regards to membrane trafficking?

A

Reduces plasma membrane on the surface

121
Q

What is the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis

A

Endocytosis: Absorption
Exocytosis: Secretion

122
Q

Microvilli decrease when we are fasting and come back to normal levels when we eat (T/F)

123
Q

What is the “brush border”?

A

Very small, tight folds of the membrane collectively

124
Q

How are different cells displayed in a salivary gland?

A

Serum: Watery, protein rich material enzymes (pink)

-Mucus: Viscous substance, very little water, less protein and more sugary substances (lighter pink)

125
Q

What are receptors?

A

Proteins on the surface of the cell (plasma membrane)

126
Q

What are examples of endocrine signalling

A

Hormones (Pituitary, Reproductive, Thyroid)

127
Q

What is endocrine signalling

A

Secretory cell secretes a hormone and the hormone is thrown into the bloodstream. Blood acts as a medium, moving the hormone to the target cell

128
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A
  • Localized
  • The chemical ligand diffused in extracellular fluid but is rapidly metabolized so that it’s effect is only on target cells near its source (localized)
129
Q

What is synaptic signalling?

A
  • Seen with Neurons
  • A special type of paracrine interaction, neurotransmitters act on adjacent cells through special contact areas called synapses
130
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A
  • Self-Signalling

- Signals bind receptors on the same cells that produced the messenger molecule

131
Q

What is juxtacrine signalling?

A
  • Use of direct contact between cells
  • Important in early embryonic tissue interactions, the signalling molecules are cell membrane bound proteins which bind surface receptors of the target cell when the two cells make direct physical contact
132
Q

Clinical application of how receptors are important in physiological functioning in the body?

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

133
Q

Explain pseudohypoparathyroidism

A
  • Caused by nonfunctioning parathyroid hormone receptors
  • PTH work to increase plasma in the blood
  • Target cells fail to respond to PTH because they lack normal receptors to this hormone
  • Sufficient PTH is made but there is a peripheral resistance because receptors cannot respond
  • This causes blood Ca levels to stay low and phosphate retention by the kidneys
  • Form of endocrine signalling
134
Q

Other issues that pseudohypoparathyroidism can create

A

-Bones ossify very quickly

135
Q

What are organelles?

A

Machineries that help the cell do it’s functions

136
Q

What are inclusions?

A

Pockets of storage material or metabolic byproducts

137
Q

What is cytoskeleton?

A

Parts of the cell that give the the cell it’s shape

-Also transport materials

138
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

-Very large enzyme systems whose job is to create a place for amino acid arrangement and to catalyze the peptide bind formation in the process of protein synthesis

139
Q

Ribosomes are made of:

A
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

- Ribosomal proteins

140
Q

Function of the Ribosome

A

Translate mRNA into a polypeptide chain (Translation)

141
Q

rRNA is present in

A

The ribosome

142
Q

mRNA is produced in the

A

Nucleus by transcription

143
Q

tRNA do what in translation

A

Bind to amino acids

144
Q

What are cisternae

A

Flat, disc like structures that look like a little strip

145
Q

Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)

A
  • Storage of calcium in skeletal and cardiac muscle
  • Storage of glycogen in liver cells (hepatocytes)
  • Transport of protein bits from the rER to the golgi
  • Steroid hormone synthesis (Adrenal/Leydig)
146
Q

Clinical Application to the development of sER

A

Neonatal Jaundice

147
Q

Explain the clinical application of neonatal jaundice

A

-Baby look yellowish
Causes
-Normal breakdown of RBCs produces a pigment compound bilirubin (usually cleared by the liver and excreted in bile)
-When the liver is not well developed, specifically in sER in the heptatocytes is underdeveloped, the bilirubin is not cleared from the blood
-Condition usually improves within 2-3 weeks once the liver develops
-Sometimes phototherapy is used to clear this up

148
Q

What is the golgi complex/golgi apparatus

A
  • composed of a stack of flattened, slightly curved membrane-bound cisternae
  • slightly dilated along the periphery
  • One cell may have more than one golgi
149
Q

Forming face (golgi)

A

Where golgi is receiving vesicles via the sER

-also called the cis face

150
Q

Maturing face (golgi)

A
  • Also called the trans face
  • Has a lot of vesicles
  • Has the trans golgi network
151
Q

Trans Golgi network sorts proteins into: (3)

A
  • Sectetory vesicles/granules
  • Plasma membrane
  • Lysosomes
152
Q

Secretory Vesicles/Granules

A
  • Found in secretory cells

- Function: Make their way toward the duct in materials like acinus

153
Q

Lysosome

A
  • Dense membrane-bound organelles containing an amorphous granular material
  • Hold onto alot of lysosomal enzymes like proteases, nucleuses, photophatase, sulfatases which are optimal at a ph of 5.0
  • Formed or found in the cytoplasm until they are used
  • Used in autophagy and heterophagy
154
Q

What is autophagy

A

Process in which the cell uses lysosomes to dispose of excess or non-functioning organelles or membranes

155
Q

Heterophagy

A
  • A defence mechanism in the cell

- Degrades harmful materials outside of the cell

156
Q

Differences between secretory vesicles and lysosomes

A
  • Secretory vesicles: outside cell/extracellular

- Lysosome: inside cell/stays within cell

157
Q

Mitrochondrion

A
  • Produces ATP
  • Vary in shape/number
  • Very mobile, transported along microtubules
  • Increase in number by division, reduce by fusion
  • Bi-membrane: has an inner and outer membrane
158
Q

Components of a mitochondrion

A

Inner membrane, Cristae, matrix, outer membrane, ribosomes, DNA

159
Q

Inclusions (Defintions/Examples)

A 
Cytoplasmic inclusions contain accumulated metabolites or other substances 
-Glycogen (ex cardiac muscle/liver)
-Lipid Droplets (ex adipocytes)
-Lipofuscin and melanin (ex.neurons)
-
160
Q

General Function of Cytoskeleton

A
  • Structural: Provides structural support to cell (Gives it shape)
  • Movement: Assists with cytosol streaming and cell motility
161
Q

Components of Cytoskeleton

A
  • Microfilaments (Actin)
  • Intermediate Filaments
  • Microtubules (tubulin)
162
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Hollow, spiral shape arrangement
  • 2 tubulins: alpha and beta
  • 13 dimers can make 1 circle
  • Vary in length
  • Good at serving as pathways
163
Q

Motor proteins

A
  • use ATP to function

- Kinesin and dynein

164
Q

Cilia Structure

A
  • Cell appendages
  • Core structures are made of microtubules (9+2 arrangement)
  • 9 dimers
  • 2 monomers
165
Q

Movement of cilia can be called

166
Q

Cilia vs Microvilli

A

Cilia (Long wavy)

Microvilli (short)

167
Q

Microfilaments (shape/function)

A

-Made up of actin
-globular protein (circular)
-g-actin (globular) form in a strand intertwined creating an f-actin (fiber)
Function
-Found in the core of the Microvilli
-The actin play and important role in cell movement
-important for cytokinesis (cell division), forming the contractile ring

168
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • Do not tend to grow long or large
  • stable
  • examples: cytokeratin, Vincentian, Desmond, lamin, neuro-filament proteins

Histo (11 decks)

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