Exam 2 | Blood, Adipose, Cartilage And Bone Flashcards
General features of Adipose tissue are: ____(A)____ (cells) and they have increased ___(B)___, and __(C)_______.
A. Adipocyte
B. Increased Blood Vessels
C. Increased Innervation
Key Features for Adipose are:
(4 features) A, B, C, & D.
A. Stores Fat
B. Provides Insulation
C. Makes up 15-20% of Body Weight
D. Adipocyte Cells
Adypocytes originate from __________ _________ as lipoblasts.
Embryonic Mesenchyme
What hormone is produced by adipocytes?
Leptin
What does leptin do in the body?
regulates appetite
What are the two types of Adipocytes?
Unilocular (white) and Multilocular (Brown)
Where does Adipose store fat?
Triglycerides
Triglycerides have three distinct features. What are they?
Insoluble in water
2x caloric density as proteins and Carbs
Concentrated as lipid droplets
T/F
Adipose tissue works as a filler tissue to maintain organ placement.
True
Embryonic mesenchyme create ___________ which develop to form adipose tissue.
Lipoblasts
Where would you find more surface adipose on the body? What is the purpose?
Purpose: Protection from abrasion, cushioning
Areas: eyeball, palm of hand, sole of foot,
(other areas: heart, adrenal gland)
The primary fiber in the matrix is…
Reticular Fibers
Adipocytes specialize in concentrating triglycerides as ___________.
Lipid Droplets
What is Unilocular Adipose and its features?
- White adypocytes
- single, large regions of adipose cells that are highly vascularized
- Single lipid droplet of triglycerides.
- nucleus and cell contents pushed to periphery of cell
What is multilocular adipose and its features?
- Brown adipocytes
- many small lipid droplets
- centrally located nucleus
- abundant mitochodria
What is the balance of White adipose tissue in adults vs. children?
Increase in production in first 10 years of life - produces little or none after.
99% of adipose tissue adults
When is brown adipose tissue prevalent?
As children - 1% of adipose tissue in adults is multilocular
Within the mitochondria, white adipose tissue produces what?
ATP
Describe how white adipose tissue produces ATP in the mitochondria?
Facilitates proton transfer from the intermembrane to the Matrix of cell by utilizing ATP Synthetase.
What are the mitochondria in brown adipose is responsible for?
Heat Production
Describe the process of heat production within the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue.
Proton transfer from intermembrane to matrix WITHOUT ATP SYNTHETASE (uncoupling factor) to produce thermogenin.
Define Caveolae.
Invaginations or depressions in the cell membrane. Play an important role in lipid trafficking as adipocytes are constantly collecting lipid droplets from its surrounding as it grows in size.
A Mesenchymal stem cell is the progenitor cell for both ___(A)_____ & ___(B)___ in which ____(B)____ are the progenitor cells for adipocytes.
A. Fibroblasts
B. Lipoblasts
White adipose tissue have 4 functions. What are they?
- Energy storage
- Insulation
- Cushioning the vital organs
- Secretion of hormones
Insulation of the body occurs where?
hypodermis, subcutaneously in abdomen, buttocks and thighs
Where does cushioning occur in the kidney?
Retroperitoneal space
The hormone angiotensinogen is secreted by white adipose tissue, what is its function?
causes vasoconstriction and regulates BP.
- Too much secreted causes an Increase in BP and lead to hypertension
The hormone adiponectin is secreted by white adipose tissue, what is its function?
Regulates fatty acid breakdown
What kind of nucleus would one find in a brown adipose tissue?
leptochromatic
What comprises the Matrix in blood cells?
ground substance and fibers
Another name for the matrix in the blood?
Plasma
What is the most common protein in plasma?
Albumin
Where is albumin produced and what does it do?
Produced in Liver
Binds to H20 and transports fatty acids
What are the three types of Gobulin cells in Plasma?
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
What is the purpose of Alpha Globulin?
Produce HDL
Purpose of Beta Gobulin? (2 answers)
Produces LDL by:
a. uses Transferin & Fe in the production of Hemoglobin
b. provides Prothrombin as a clotting factor
What is another name for Gamma Globulins and Why?
“Immunoglobulins”
provides antibodies that are produced by plasma cells
What are the non-protein components in Plasma?
Electrolytes, Glucose, HDL, LDL, Vitamins and Trace Minerals
HDL and LDL is produced in what organ?
Liver
When looking at the make up of blood cells, what percentage are RBC’s?
44%
Expressed as hematocrit
White blood cells are made up of two types of cells, what are they?
Granulocytes & Agranulocytes
What are the 3 types of Granulocytes in WBC’s?
Neutraphils
Eosinophils
Basophils
The two types of Agranulocytes in WBC’s are…
Lymphocytes & Monocytes
Describe this “formula”
Plasma - Fibrin = Serum
Matrix of Blood - Blood Fibers = Ground substance
What purpose does fibrin have in the blood?
Blood Fibers contribute to blood clotting
How much blood is found in the human body?
6 Liters
When looking at the make up of Blood, what is the percentage of Plasma?
55%
What are the cellular components of Blood (not plasma), and their percentages?
45% Blood Volume:
- Buffy Coat 1%: WBC, Platelets
- RBC’s 44%
What nutrient in plasma is responsible for RBC synthesis and is released by the kidneys?
Erythropoietin
How long do RBC’s live?
120 days
What organ filters dead RBC’s
Spleen
What is the scientific name for RBC?
Erythrocyte
What are reticulocytes? What are their characteristics?
Premature RBC
- Increase in # indicates hemolysis (bleeding, rupture)
- Enter ciruculation through bone marrow sinusoidal capillaries & mature within 1-2 days
What is hemoglobin made of?
2 Alpha globulin and 2 beta globulin
1 heme per globulin chain required
Transferin brings Fe2 for production
4 types of anemia described in lecture are?
- Blood loss Anemia
- Hemolytic Anemia (genetic: Sickle Cell, Thalassemia)
- Deficiency Anemia (Deficiency of Fe2)
-Erythrocytosis (Increased RBC as adaption to Low O2 levels in higher altitudes)
Scientific name for WBC’s?
Leukocytes
What percentage of blood are comprised of WBC’s?
1-2%
Another name for platelets are:
thrombocytes
What are enzyme filled granules or vesicles?
Lysosomes
What are platelets derrived from?
megakaryocytes
The progenitor cell for erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes is?
Hemocytoblast
hemotopoetic stem cell
What is the lifespan of a neutrophil?
1-4 days
What is the lifespan of a eosinophil?
1-4 weeks
What is the lifespan of a basophil?
Several months
What is the lifespan of a monocyte?
A few weeks to a few months
What is the lifespan of lymphocytes?
Years
Describe the nucleus of a neutrophil?
3-5 lobes
What is the function of a neutrophil?
Kills and defends against bacteria (phagocytosis)
Describe the granules of a neutrophil?
Neutral/Colourless
What is the tissue interaction of a neutrophil?
Signal as needed
What cells are terminal?
-Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophil (also RBCs)
What cells are non-terminal?
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
Which cells are bilobed and how do you differentiate between cells?
-Eosinophil
-Basophil: Covered by granules/rarely seen
What is the function of a eosinophil?
Defend body from worms and digest histamines
Describe the granules of eosinophils?
Pink
Which cells constantly interact with the tissues?
Eosinophil, basophil, monocytes, lymphocytes
What is the function of a basophil?
Modulate inflammation (releases histamine)
Describe the granules of basophils?
Blue/Purple (Cover the nucleus)
Describe the nucleus of a monocyte?
Folded nucleus
What is the function of a monocyte?
Immune defence and tissue repair
“Big Guns”
Describe the nucleus of the lymphocyte?
Large nucleus
What is the function of a lymphocyte?
Adaptive immunity
What is the function of a RBC?
Gas transport
Functions of Ca++
-Muscle Contraction, AP Transmission, Bone/Teeth Structure, Oocyte activation, blood clotting
Functions of Na+
Maintenance of blood volume, transmission of nerve impulses, and other metabolic functions
Functions of K+
Creation of resting potential, participation in sodium-potassium pump, maintenance of intercellular fluid balance, muscle/heart contractions
Functions of Mg+
Nucleic acid synthesis, cofactor of many enzymes, ATP synthesis/usage, DNA/RNA synthesis
The lacunae of bone contain:
A. Bone Marrow
B. Blood Cells
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteons
C. Osteocytes
Lining that covers compact bone:
A. Epimysium
B. Periosteum
C. Endosteum
D. Pericardium
B. Periosteum
Lining of marrow cavity:
A. Epimysium
B. Periosteum
C. Endosteum
D. Perichondrium
C. Endosteum
What is hematopoiesis?
A. A process that takes place in yellow marrow
B. Formation of bone cells
C. A process that is part of the muscular system
D. Formation of blood cells
D. Formation of blood cells
A condition that produces the reduction of bone mass sufficient to make bone brittle?
A. Osteopenia
B. Osteoporosis
C. Ossification
D. Osteolysis
B. Osteoporosis
Cells that synthesize (build) bone:
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteoblasts
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteolysis
B. Osteoblasts
What runs though the central canal of an osteon?
A. Bone Marrow
B. Lacunae
C. Blood Vessels
D. Lamellae
C. Blood vessels
Which of the following cells is not found on the bone surface?
A. Osteoclast
B. Osteoblasts
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteoprogenitor Cell
C. Osteocytes
Where do osteocytes reside?
A. Lamellae
B. Lacunae
C. Canaliculi
D. Haversian Canal
B. Lacunae
Which is the most common cartilage type in the body?
A. Hyaline Cartilage
B. Elastic Cartilage
C. Fibrocartilage
A. Hyaline Cartilage
Which type of cartilage can grow only by interstititial growth?
A. Hyaline Cartilage
B. Fibrocartilage
C. Elastic Cartilage
B. Fibrocartilage
Which of the following cell types are “ Alive”?
A. Chondroblasts
B. Chondrogenic Cells
C. Chondrocytes
D. All are Alive
D. All are alive
Inter-territorial martix has proportionately less fibers
(True or False)
False
What happens when a chondroblast undergoes shrinking?
(Can be multiple)
A. Lacuna appears next to the cell
B. It secretes more proteins in the martix
C. It shrinks because it is dying
D. It remains alive and maintains ability to divide
A. Lacuna appears next to the cell
D. It remains alive and maintains the ability to divide
Which of the following is an example of Fibrocartilage?
A. Epiglottis
B. Articular cartilage
C. Meniscus
D. Epiphyseal Plate
C. Meniscus
Interstitial Lamellae are older concentric Lamellae after bone remodelling (True/False)
True
Perichondrium is only found around hyaline (except Articular) and elastic cartilages (True/False)
True
Haversian Canals contain both blood vessels and nerves (True/False)
True
Hyaline Cartilage is the most common cartilage type in the body (True/False)
True
Hematopoiesis takes place in Fibrocartilage (True/False)
False
Calcium hydroxyapatite is the primary bone marterial (True/False)
True
Canaliculi help transport nutrients from one concentric Lamellae to another (True/False)
True
The smallest structural unit of spongy bone is Trabecula (True/False)
False
Functions of Cartilage
-Mechanical Shock Absorber (Hyaline)
-Provide the smooth lining of joints
-Respiratory Tract and Bronchial Tree Formation
-Model for Bone Growth (Endochondiral Ossification)
-Cushion and Tensile Strength
-Strength/Support of Soft Tissue (Ie.Ear Pinna)
Describe Interstitial Cartilage Growth
-Fibrocartilage
-Early Years
-Type II and Type I Cartilage
-Divide/Secrete Martix
Describe Appositional Cartilage Growth
-Elastic and Hyaline Cartilage
-Type II Collagen and Elastic Fibers
-Perichondrium (“Outside-In” Growth)
-Life Long
Differences between elastic cartilage and Fibrocartilage?
1) Collagen Fibers
-elastic: Type II and elastic
-Fibrocartilage: Type II and Type I
2) Perichondrium
-elastic: Perichondrium present (Appositional growth)
-Fibrocartilage: Perichondrium absent (Interstitial growth)
3) Locations
-Elastic: Auditory canal, ear pinna, and epiglottis
-Fibrocartilage: Meniscus, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
4) Formation of chondroblasts/chondrocytes
-Elastic: Clutsters
-Fibrocartilage: Rows
Examples of Hyaline Cartilage
-Articular surfaces of Diarthrosis
-Ventral ends of ribs
-Respiratory tract and wall of bronchial tree
-cartilage of the nose
-cartilage of the larynx
-Endochondial ossification
-Epipheseal plate
Differences between Compact and Spongy Bone
1) Units
-Compact: Haversian Canals and Osteocytes
-Spongy: Trabeculae and Spicules
2) Weight
-Compact: Heavy
-Spongy: Spaces make bone light, but sturdy
3) Minerals
-Compact: Haversian canal supplies blood to caniculi
-Spongy: Hollow spaces allow for easy movement of blood vessels and bone marrow. Also allows for movement of calcium and phosphorus quickly
4) Prescence of Caniculi
-Compact: Caniculi present
-Spongy: Caniculi absent
Differences between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
1) Function
-Osteoblasts: Bone formation
-Osteoclasts: Maintenence, repair, bone remodelling
2) Nucleus
-Osteoblasts: Mononucleated
-Osteoclasts: Multinucleated
3) Secretion
-Osteoblasts: Secretes the extracellular matrix
-Osteoclasts: Secretes Acids (Acid Phosphotase/ Cathepsin K)
4) Origin
-Osteoblasts: Periosteum
-Osteoclasts: Moncytes
5) Presence of Lacuna
-Osteoblasts: Absent
-Osteoclasts: Present as bony depression (Howship’s lacuna)
