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Histo > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between nerve cells and glial cells?

A

-Nerve cells (neurons): Conduct electrical impulses/Long processes

-Glial cells (neurological cells): Supporting cells (“glue like”)/Short processes

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2
Q

Nerve Cells and Glial Cells are both found in the CNS/PNS (True/False)

A

True

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3
Q

The cell body is sometimes also called ____________ (2)

A

Soma or Perikaryon

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4
Q

What kind of nucleus does a cell body have?

A

Leptochromatic (increased euchromatin)

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5
Q

What are some differences between axons and dendrites?

A
  1. Length: Axon (Long)/Dendrite (Short)
  2. Function: Axon (Efferent)/Dendrite (Afferent)
  3. Origin: Axon (Axon Hillock)/Dendrite (Cell Body)
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6
Q

What is a neurophil?

A

Substances found between neuroglial cells including nerve cells and glial cell processes

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7
Q

Cell bodies of all neurons are located in the CNS, except _________

A

Ganglia (found in the PNS)

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8
Q

What are the four classifications of neurons?

A

-Multipolar
-Bipolar
-Pseudounipolar
-Anaxonic

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9
Q

What are the differences between four types of neurons?

A
  1. Multipolar: An axon and 2+ dendrites (Most common type)
  2. Bipolar: 1 major axon and 1 major dendrite
    -Found in the eye, inner ear, olfactory, epithelium (sensory neurons)
  3. Pseudounipolar: Starts as one but splits into two
  4. Axonic: No axon (does not produce an action potential)
    -Numerous dendrites
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10
Q

How do Ligand-Gated Channel and Leaky Channels work?

A

-Ligand-Gated: Gates open when bound to a ligand
-Leaky Channel: Diffusion gradient
(Aid in maintaining equilibrium after hyperpolarization)

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11
Q

How does charge and concentrations of Na+ and K+ inside and outside of a Na-K Pump?

A

-Outside of Cell: More Positive/Less Negative (More Na+/Less K+)
-Inside of Cell: Less Positive/More Negative (More K+/Less Na+)

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12
Q

What is the typical movement of Na+ and K+ Ions within a Na-K Pump?

A

-3 Na+ In/2 K+ Out

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13
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV

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14
Q

What are the membrane potentials needed for a K+ and Na+ channels

A

K+: -55mV
Na+: +40mV

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15
Q

What is the difference between depolarization and hyperpolarization?

A

-Depolarization: Influx of positive ions
( More EPSPs than IPSPs)

-Hyperpolarization: Influx of anions/out flux of positive ions (More IPSPs than EPSPs)

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16
Q

What causes depolarization and hyperpolarization?

A

Depolarization
-Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP)
-Ligand-gated Na+ channels

Hyperpolarization
-Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP)
-Caused by Ca+ ions
-Voltage-relegated Ca+ channels open causing exocytosis of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles to synaptic cleft

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17
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs are __________ potentials

A

Graded

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18
Q

What happens at the axon hillock when the membrane potential reaches -55mV?

A

Causes the voltage gated/Na+ dependent channels to open
-Move down the axolemma

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19
Q

All action potentials will decay over time (True/False)

A

False

-Action potentials at +40mV (K+ channels) do not decay

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20
Q

Three common morphological types of synapses

A

-Axosomatic synapses: Axon to cell bodies (soma)
(Most Common)
-Axodentritic Synapse: Axon to dendrite
-Axoaxonic Synapses: Axons with other axons

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21
Q

Name the different glial cells in the CNS and PNS

A

-CNS glial cells: Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Ependymal Cells, Microglia
-PNS Glial Cells: Schwann Cells, Satellite Cells

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22
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes?

A

-Small cells with many processes (“little arms”)
-Rounded Nucleus
-Function: electrical insulation/myelin production in CNS axons

(Looks like “fried egg”-nucleus (dark) and cytoplasm (white)

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23
Q

What is the predominant cell type in white matter?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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24
Q

What is the most abundant and largest glial cell?

A

Astrocytes

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25
Q

What are the main functions in Astrocytes?

A

-Structural and metabolic support of neurons (especially synapses)
-Repair processes

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26
Q

Ependymal cells can be either _______ or _________-shaped. What is the difference between the two?

A

-Columnar: Actively secreting cells
-Cuboidal

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27
Q

Where are Ependymal cells found?

A

Cerebrum ventricles and central canal (CNS)

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28
Q

Ependymal cells have _______ and ________ that extend into the ventricle cavity

A

-Cilia: Movement of cells for circulation
-Microvilli: Increased surface area

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29
Q

What is the function of Ependymal cells?

A

Production and movement of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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30
Q

Where do Microglial cells originate and who are “brothers” to them

A

-Originate from monocytes
-“Brothers” to macrophages (similar characteristics)

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31
Q

What function to microglial cells have?

A

-Defense and immune related activities

-More specifically, they move and scan the neutropil for damaged components
-Phagocytotic: Important for immune defence in CNS

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32
Q

What are the major functions of schwann cells?

A

-Myelin production (form myelin sheaths around axon of PNS), insulate cells

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33
Q

What are the main functions of satellite cells?

A

-Structural and metabolic support for neuronal cell bodies (also insulation/nourish)

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34
Q

Which glial cells originate in the neural tube?

A

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and Ependymal cell

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35
Q

Which glial cell originates in bone marrow (monocytes)?

A

Microglia

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36
Q

Which cells originate at neutral crest?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

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37
Q

Where are Schwann cells located?

A

Peripheral nerves

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38
Q

Where are Satellite cells found?

A

Peripheral ganglia

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39
Q

Where are pyramidal neurons found?

A

Cerebral cortex

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40
Q

How are pyramidal neurons arranged?

A

-Vertically
-Often Connected to a glial cell like an astrocyte
-Give out long vertical dendrites that radiate towards surface

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41
Q

What are some identifying characteristics of the cerebellum?

A

-“Wrinkled” appearance
-Highly folded (folia)
-Branching central medulla of white matter

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42
Q

What are the three layers of the cortex and what do they contain?

A

-Molecular layer: Outer layer; Few neurons and large numbers of unmyelinated fibers
-Purkinje Cells layer: Between ML and GL, huge neuron cells
-Granular layer: Inner layer; Majority of cell bodies

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43
Q

What are Purkinje Cells?

A

-Very large cell bodies
-A relatively fine axon extends down through GL
-An extensively branching dendritic system into the outer molecular layer

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44
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

-Dura Mater: Outer, tough layer
-Arachnoid Mater: Middle, “spider-like”
-Pia Mater: Inner

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45
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

-Dense, irregular connective tissue
-Separated from the arachnoid by a subdural space

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46
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

-Consists of two layers: A CT layer and a trabeculae layer
-Contains CSF (between trabeculae spaces)

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47
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

-Flat cells: Closely associated with the nerve tissue
-Surrounds blood vessels and protects nervous tissue

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48
Q

What is the blood brain barrier made up of?

A

-Capillary endothelium
-Basement membrane (of the endothelial cells)
-Astrocyte processes (feet)

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49
Q

What is the Choroid Plexus?

A

-“Finger-like” projections covered in epidymal cells
-Found in the cavities of the brain (majority 3rd and 4th ventricle)
-Little protein content
-Has: lymphocytes, Na, K, and Cl-

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50
Q

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

A

Remove water from blood and release it as the CSF

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51
Q

What is each villus of the choroid plexus made of?

A

-Capillary endothelial cells
-Layer of pia mater
-Ependymal cells (line the ventricle cavities)

(NO astrocyte layer)

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52
Q

Nerve fibers in the PNS are made of axons that are covered with _______________

A

Schwann cells

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53
Q

Schwann cells form _____________ around axons with wide diameter forming __________________

A

Myelin sheath; myelinated nerve fibers

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54
Q

Small diameter axons are covered by Schwann cells but do not have a myelin sheath (True/False)

A

True

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55
Q

Explain the process of a myelinated axon

A
  1. Schwann cell wraps cytoplasmic process around axon
  2. Axon is completely enclosed (Mesaxon)
  3. Wrapping becomes more compact/Cytoplasm leaves
  4. Mature sheath has up to 100 Lamellae with most cytoplasm in the outermost layer
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56
Q

In a ____________ axon the nucleus stays in the periphery

A

Myelinated

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57
Q

___________ axons have smaller, thinner axons

A

Unmyelinated

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58
Q

Explain the process of unmyelinated axons

A
  1. Schwann cell envelops multiple axons
  2. Axons are enveloped by schwann cells, but have no myelinated sheath around each one
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59
Q

________ axons have a central nucleus

A

Unmyelinated

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60
Q

Name the different levels of nerve organization from outermost to innermost?

A

-Epineurium: Wraps around the entire nerve
-Perineurium: Wraps around each fascicle
-Endoneurium: Wraps around myelinated/myelinated Fibers and axons

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61
Q

Astrocytes participate in forming the blood brain barrier (True/False)

A

True

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62
Q

Influx of Na+ ions into the cell causes cell membrane depolarization (True/False)

A

True

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63
Q

Nissl bodies are made of Golgi bodies and neurotransmitters (True/False)

A

False

(They consist of granular endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes)

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64
Q

Unmyelinated neurons do not have Schwann cells (True/False)

A

False

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65
Q

Since grey matter contains most of the cell bodies with dendrites, this is where most synapses occur (True/False)

A

True

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66
Q

During Saltatory conduction, action potential gets weaker at the nodes of Ranvier (True/False)

A

False

(Nodes of Ranvier allow the generation of a fast electrical impulse along the axon)

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67
Q

CSF has all the components of the blood (True/False)

A

False

(Contains no red blood cells)

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68
Q

Purkinje Cells contribute to the regulation and coordination of the motor functions (True/False)

A

True

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69
Q

The pyramidal neurons are found in the cerebellum (True/False)

A

False

(Found in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and the amygdala)

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70
Q

Na-K Pump carries out active transport by utilizing ATP (True/False)

A

True

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71
Q

Resting membrane potential is +40mv

A

False

(-70mV)

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72
Q

Multipolar neurons are few and rare

A

False

(They are the most common)

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73
Q

Mg+ stimulates the exocytosis of neurotransmitter filled vesicles in the axon terminal into the synapse

A

False

(Ca+)

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74
Q

Oligodendrocytes myelinated the axons in the CNS

A

True

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75
Q

Voltage-gated channels are found in the axon hillock and axolemma. Not in the dendrites.

A

True

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76
Q

EPSP and IPSP, both are subthreshold potentials. Individually, they are not sufficient to generate an action potential

A

True

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77
Q

Bipolar neurons are generally found in sensory epithelia of the body

A

True

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78
Q

A synapse between an axon and a perikaryon is called as Axosomatic synapse

A

True

(Soma = Perikaryon=Cell Body)

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79
Q

Efferent neurons transmit impulses to the CNS

A

False

(Afferent)

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80
Q

Inhibitory post synaptic potentials can cause membrane hyperpolarization

A

True

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81
Q

Dendrites are sensory in nature

A

True

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82
Q

Glial cells are found in the CNS and PNS both

A

True

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83
Q

Endo, peri and epineurium all have epithelium-like properties

84
Q

Blood vessels that enter the nerve tissue are covered by dura mater.

A

False

(Arachnoid)

85
Q

The dorsal horn of the spinal cord is sensory in nature

86
Q

Since Axon and Dentrites interact via neurotransmitters, vesicles of neurotransmitters are also found in the dendritic spines

87
Q

The channels opens up upon binding to a neurotransmitter is a kind of ligand gated channel

88
Q

Oligodendrocytes insulate the CNS axons but not by forming myelin sheath like the Schwann Cells

89
Q

Anaxonic neurons produce multiple action potentials at once

A

False

(Since they lack dendrites, they do not produce action potentials)

90
Q

Mylination neurons transducer the nerve impulse _________.
A. Slower
B. Faster
C. Same Speed as non-myelinated

91
Q

Name the parts of the neuron that recieves impulses from other neurons.
A. Dendrite
B. Cell Body
C. Axon
D. Myelin Sheath

A

A. Dendrite

92
Q

What do glial cells do?
A. Support and protect neurons
B. Control voluntary movement
C. Control language expression
D. Control language reception

A

A. Support and Protect Neurons

93
Q

Which are the most abundant glial cells?
A. Oligodendrocytes
B. Astrocytes
C. Microglia
D. Ependymal Cells

A

B. Astrocytes

94
Q

Which glial cells can help form the BBB?
A. Oligodendrocytes
B. Ependymal Cells
C. Astrocytes
D. Peritalen Cells

A

C. Astrocytes

95
Q

What do Schwann cells do?
A. Myelinate in the CNS
B. Myelinate in the PNS
C. Line the ventricles and produce CSF
D. Remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic environment

A

B. Myelinate in the PNS

96
Q

Which glial cells wrap around the axons of neurons within the CNS?
A. Ependymal cells
B. Oligodendrocytes
C. Schwann Cells
D. Satellite Cells

A

B. Oligodendrocytes

97
Q

Explain the different components of an axon?

A

-Axon Hillock: Point at which an axon emerges from cell body
-Axolemma: Plasma membrane of the axon
-Axoplasm: Contents of the axolemma

98
Q

What is the main function of an axon?

A

Generating a nerve impulse/conduct it to a postsynaptic neuron of an effector cell

99
Q

Actin is a motor protein (True/False)

100
Q

Actin and myosin are the basic contractile proteins of all muscle cells

101
Q

The cardiac muscle has cellular junctional complexes in the intercalated discs

102
Q

Cardiac muscle cells do not have dense bodies

A

True

(Smooth muscles have dense bodies)

103
Q

The thick filament is associated with troponin and tropomyosin proteins that regulate muscle contraction in response to a nerve stimulus

104
Q

When the sarcomere contracts the I-Band and H-zone temporarily disappears

105
Q

Skeletal muscle cell/fiber is multinucleated

106
Q

The A-Band of the sarcomere is made of Myosin

107
Q

Although smooth muscle contraction is involuntary, it is very strong-all or none

A

False

(Cardiac muscle is involuntary, strong and all or none)

108
Q

Actin and myosin are involved in cytokinesis, separating cells during cell division

109
Q

The T-Tubules are inward tubular extensions of the Sarcolemma

110
Q

Cardiac muscle is found in all those organs that are either the heart or associated to the heart

A

False

(Only the heart itself)

111
Q

Rough ER in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that stores Ca++ in muscle cells

112
Q

Numerous fascicles together make a skeletal muscle fiber

113
Q

A sarcomere is the contractile unit of a muscle

114
Q

Satellite cells are formed as a result of skeletal muscle damage

115
Q

F-actin is a single long strand of G-actin that once assembled is very stable

116
Q

The TnC subunit of Troponin is responsible for Ca++ binding

117
Q

Blood vessels are found in all three —mysium layers of skeletal muscle

118
Q

A sarcomere comprises of two A bands and one I band

A

False
(2 I-Bands and one A-Band)

119
Q

Because they all have actin and myosin, all muscles are striated

A

False

(Smooth muscle is not striated and cardiac muscle is only striated because of intercalated discs)

120
Q

The Sarcolemma is the plasmalemma of the muscle cell

121
Q

The contraction and relaxation of muscles is dependent on ATP availability and not Ca

A

False

(They are dependent on both)

122
Q

Epimysium is the connective tissue layer covering the muscle body just under the deep fascia

123
Q

Actin is a _________ protein and myosin is a _________ protein

A

Cytoskeletal; motor

124
Q

What proteins are associated with the thick and thin filaments?

A

-Thick filament: Myosin
-Thin Filament: Actin

125
Q

What are the purposes of tropomyosin and troponin?

A

-Tropomyosin: Keeps myosin-binding sites covered when not in action
-Troponin: Has three subunits in control of binding
A. TNT: Binds to tropomyosin
B. TnC: Binds to Ca++
C. TnI: Actin and myosin interactions

126
Q

What is the difference when it comes to fibers in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle?

A

-Skeletal: Multinucleated (one cell)
-Cardiac: Many mononucleated cells attached end to end (via intercalated discs)
-Smooth: Many fusiform/spindle shaped (mononucleted) cells bound to one another via cell junctions

127
Q

Name the efferent innervation and contraction type of the three types of muscle?

A

-Skeletal muscle: Voluntary/All-or-None
-Cardiac Muscle: Autonomous/All-or-None
-Smooth Muscle: Autonomous/Slow Steady Partial Contraction

128
Q

T-Tubules extend down from the Sarcolemma, surround the myofibrils around the junction of the _______ and ________

A

I and A Bands

129
Q

What are the two components of the triad?

A

2 sER cisternae/T-Tubule in the middle

130
Q

Where are the three types of muscles found in the body?

A

-Skeletal: Skeletal muscle, tongue, eyes, diaphragm
-Cardiac: Heart Only
-Smooth: Walls of hollow organs and arector pilli

131
Q

What is a difference between sER and rER and what is sERs function?

A

-Prescence of ribosomes: sER has none
-sER: more tubular and saccular

-Function: Storage of Ca+ in skeletal and cardiac muscle

132
Q

Name the cellular organelles of a muscle cell

A

-Sarcoplasm: Cytoplasm of a muscle cell
-Sarcoplasmic reticulum: sER found here
-Sarcolemma: Plasma membrane of the muscle cell

133
Q

Name the different CT layers that surround skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium: Dense layer of CT that covers the whole muscle (Coll T1, T3, Fibroblasts)
-Perimysium: Dense layer of CT that covers each fascicle
-Endomysium: Covers each muscle cell fiber

134
Q

All bone cells are multinucleated

A

False

(Osteoblasts: Mononucleated/Osteoclasts: Multinucleated)

135
Q

Hyaline Cartilage is the most common type of cartilage in the body

136
Q

Fibrocartilage also contains collagen type 1 in its matrix

137
Q

Hemotapoiesis takes place in the Fibrocartilage

138
Q

Interritorial matrix is low in collagen fibers, high in tropocollagen molecules

139
Q

Haversian canals contain both blood vessels and nerves

140
Q

Interstitial Lamellae are older concentric Lamellae after bone remodeling

141
Q

Osteoclasts originate from monocytes

142
Q

Canaliculi help transport nutrients from one concentric Lamellae to another

143
Q

Costal cartilages are a type of elastic cartilage

144
Q

Periosteum and Endosteum, both supply psteoprogenitor cells

145
Q

Bone fracture healing involves formation of Fibrocartilage and not hyaline cartilage

146
Q

Cartilage is highly vascular in nature

147
Q

Osteocytes reside in Howship’s lacunae until they die

148
Q

Collagen type 1 is the most common type of collagen in cartilage

A

False

(Collagen T2)

149
Q

Perichondirum causes Appositional growth in the cartilage

150
Q

Since compact bone is dense, it is easier to release minerals from it when the body needs

151
Q

The bone marrow is found in the spaces of cancellous bone

152
Q

Perichondrium is only found around hyaline (except Articular) and elastic cartilages

153
Q

Calcium hydroxyapatite is the primary bone mineral

154
Q

Hyaline cartilage forms the fetal skeleton scaffold during development

155
Q

Endochondral ossification involves a stage of hyaline cartilage scaffold

156
Q

Sharpey’s fibers are found under the Endosteum and line the marrow cavity

157
Q

The smallest structural unit of the spongy bone is a trabecula

A

False

(Spiculi)

158
Q

Name examples of hyaline cartilage in the body

A

-Hyaline: Articular surfaces (Diarthrosis), Epiphyseal plate, wall of trachea and bronchi, ventral ends of ribs, endochondral ossification, Cartilage of the larynx

159
Q

What are the differences between elastic cartilage and Fibrocartilage?

A
  1. Fibrous components
    -Elastic: Type 2 collagen and elastic fibers
    -Fibrocartilage: Type 1 and 2 collagen
  2. Location of Cartilage
    -Elastic: Auditory canal, ear pinna and epiglottis
    -Fibrocartilage: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and meniscus
  3. Perichondrium
    -Elastic: Present (Appositional growth)
    -Fibrocartilage: Absent (Interstitial Growth)
  4. Chondroblast Arrangement
    -Elastic: Arranged in clusters
    -Fibrocartilage: Arranged in rows
160
Q

Differences between interstitial and Appositional growth

A
  1. Types of Cartilage
    -Interstitial: Fibrocartilage
    -Appositional: Hyaline and Elastic
  2. Duration
    -Interstitial: Early in life
    -Appositional: Life long
  3. Types of Collagen
    -Interstitial: Type 1 and type 2
    -Appositional: Type 2
161
Q

Differences between compact and cancellous bone?

A
  1. Unit
    -Compact: Osteon/Haversian Systems
    -Cancellous: Trabecula and spicules
  2. Weight
    -Compact: Heavier
    -Cancellous: Lighter
  3. Accessibility of minerals
    -Compact: Haversian canals supply blood to caniculi
    -Cancellous: Hollow spaces make it accessible for blood vessels bone matrix/release phosphorous and calcium quickly
  4. Canaliculi
    -Compact: Present
    -Cancellous: Absent
162
Q

Differences between osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A
  1. Function:
    -Osteoblasts: Bone forming
    -Osteoclasts: Maintenence, repair and removal of bone
  2. Nucelus
    -Osteoblasts: Mononucleated
    -Osteoclasts: Multinucleated
  3. Origin
    -Osteoblasts: Periosteum/mesenchyme
    -Osteoclasts: Monocytes
  4. Lacuna
    -Osteoblasts: No lacuna
    -Osteoclasts: Howship’s Lacuna
163
Q

Organic and inorganic components of the bone matrix

A

-Organic: Type I collagen, proteglycans, glycoproteins
-Inorganic: Calcium hydroxyapatite, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, sodium, calcium phosphate, water

164
Q

What are the three different types of lamellae

A

Interstitial, circumferential, concentric

165
Q

What is the difference between periosteum and Endosteum?

A

Periosteum: Outer later of collagen fibers/fibroblasts, osteoprogenitor cells are found deep, also contains Sharpey’s fibers

Endosteum: Found lining the marrow cavity, it only has a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells and connective tissue

166
Q

What is the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification

A

-Intramembranous ossification: Quicker, mesenchymal tissue differentiates into osteoblasts, not common

-Endochondral ossification: Slower, messenchymal tissue differentiates into chondroblasts

167
Q

Gap Junctions play an important roles in Juxtacrine signalling where cell has to be in direct physical contact to interact/exchange

168
Q

Holocrine secretion involves breakdown of the cells of the gland that secretes

169
Q

Goblet cells are tall like the surrounding columnar cells and can reach the free surface of the epithelium

170
Q

Zonula Occludens are also called as connexons

171
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is generally only two layers in thickness

172
Q

Simple squamous epithelium of the heart is called endothelium

173
Q

Kinociliar are non-motile structures meant for binding to odorants in the olfactory epithelium

174
Q

Claudia proteins forms the ZO junction

175
Q

Stereocilia can carry our water/liquid absorption

176
Q

The non-keratinized epithelial cells are dead cells

177
Q

Cells of the simple cuboidal epithelium that are found in renal tubules that carry urine, are connected to each other by excess cell junctions

178
Q

Epithelium is a free flow layer because it is highly permeable

179
Q

Transitional epithelium is also called mesothelium

180
Q

The web of actin that supports the microvilli is called as Terminal Bar

181
Q

Microvilli and cilia both are supported by actin protein

182
Q

Microvilli are covered with glycocalyx but kinocilia are not

183
Q

In a pseudostratified columnar epithelium, all cells are attached to the basement membrane

184
Q

Collectively, all cell junctions are called Terminal web

185
Q

Simple squamous epithelium makes a really good filtration barrier in the kidney filtration units

186
Q

Transitional epithelium is found in the stomach which is distended when you consume food filling the stomach lumen

187
Q

Epithelium is the only tissue without a basement membrane

188
Q

Eccrine secretion involves chunks/parts of the cell breaking off to be part of the secretion

189
Q

Macula adherens is also called desmosomes

190
Q

Epithelium can carry out absorption and secretions

191
Q

Epithelial tissue are of lining and glandular types

192
Q

Epithelial tissues has blood vasculature that supplies it with nutrients

193
Q

Goblet cells are secretory in nature

194
Q

Terminal web is made of actin protein

195
Q

Hemidesmosomes are partial zonula adherens junctions

196
Q

Blood vessels have a lining epithelium of simple columnar type

197
Q

Classifications of epithelial membrane

A
  1. Number of layers
    -Simple
    -Stratified
  2. Shape of cells
    -Squamous
    -Cuboidal
    -Columnar
198
Q

Types of lining epithelia

A

-Simple: All cells contact basement membrane/reach free surface
-Pseudostratified: All cells touch basement membrane but not all reach free surface
-Stratified: Basal layer touches basement membrane but not all cells reach free surface
-Transitional: Surface cells change between squamous and cuboidal shapes

199
Q

Structures at apical, lateral and basilar surfaces surface

A

-Apical: Microvilli, kinocilia, sterocilia
-Lateral: Tight junction, zonula adherens, and desmosome
-Basal: Hemidesmosome and basal Lamina

200
Q

What makes up the terminal bar

A

Cell Junction and Gap Junction

201
Q

What are the three components of the junctional complex

A

-Zonula occludens (tight junction)-Claudin
-Zonula adherens (adhering belt)
-Macula adherens (desmosomes)

202
Q

Each connexon of a gap junction is made up of six connexins

203
Q

Which glandular epithelium possesses ducts?

A

Exorcrine Gland

(Endocrine does not)

204
Q

Three types of secretion

A

-Holocrine: Disintegrates cell contents into new cell
-Merocine: secretes intact cell (most common)
-Apocine: Cell is pinched off

205
Q

Types of lamellae

A

-Interstitial: Remnant of old osteons
-Concentric: Lamellae part of an active existing osteon
-Circumferential: Found closer to the periosteum

Histo (11 decks)

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