resp 3

Question 1

what is the review slide of ventilation?

Answer 1

Question 2

what is the slide of pressure changes during quiet breathing?

Answer 2

Question 3

what does forced inspiration need?

Answer 3

additional accessory or secondary muscles become activated

Question 4

what are the additional accessory muscles activated during forced inspiration?

Answer 4

1. sternocleidomastoids: lift the sternum outward, contributing the water pump handle effect
2. Neck and back muscles: elevate pectoral girdle increasing thoracic volume and extend back
3. upper respiratory tract muscles: decrease airway resistance

Question 5

what are the accessory muscle of forced expiration?

Answer 5

1. abdominal muscles (contract and push organs up)
2. internal intercostals and triangularis sterni
3. neck and back muscles (lean over, decrease thoracic volume)

Question 6

what is the slide of the pleura fluid and lungs?

Answer 6

Question 7

lungs are _______________ to the diaphragm or thoracic wall

Answer 7

NOT DIRECTLY ATTACHED

Question 8

How does the pleura create a more negative pressure?

Answer 8

PULLING LUNGS OUTWARD
-inspiratory muscles pull the parietal layer of pleura away from visceral layer, increasing the volume of the intrapleural cavity and thus decreasing intrapleural pressure

Question 9

what is the intrapleural pressure during inspiration?

Answer 9

-intrapleural volume increases, which causes a drop in intrapleural pressure to an even more negative value
-lungs drawn to more negative intrapleural pressure and thus expand

Question 10

what is the slide of all inspiration and expiration

Answer 10

Question 11

an interruption in intrapleural pressure results in ____________

Answer 11

PNEUMOTHORAX (COLLAPSED LUNG)

Question 12

what are the two types of pneumothorax?

Answer 12

traumatic
-parietal or visceral pleura

spontaneous
-lung and visceral pleura ruptures
-70% due to COPD (emphysema)

Question 13

what is lung compliance?

Answer 13

-the degree of lung expansion at any time is proportional to the change in pressure
-but how much any given change in pressure expands the lungs depends on the stretchability or compliance of the lungs

Question 14

what is lung elastase?

Answer 14

-the reciprocal of compliance, lung elastase (elastic recoil) is the ability to resist being deformed

Question 15

what is pulmonary fibrosis and what is it an example of?

Answer 15

ex of decreased compliance
-formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in the lungs
-30,000 canadians affected

Question 16

what causes pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 16

-inhalation of pollutants: metals, asbestos, certain gases
-infections
-idiopathic: age related, genetic predisposition

Question 17

what is emphysema and what is it an example of?

Answer 17

ex of increased compliance
-proteolytic enzymes secreted by leukocytes attack alveolar tissue
-alveoli merge: loss of capillaries and reduction of surface are
-loss of lung recoil
-weakens alveoli walls creating airway resistance
-main cause: cigarette smoking

Question 18

what did scientists initially assume about lung compliance and elastase?

Answer 18

-assumed the major determinant of lung compliance and lung recoil must be elasticity of pulmonary cells and the extracellular matrix (elastin and collagen)
-in a healthy lung, this is not the case