repro 6 Flashcards
what is implantation prevention?
some contraceptive methods do not prevent fertilization but rather prevent the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterine wall
-include intrauterine devices (IUD) as well as chemicals that change the properties of the endometrium
what are IUD?
IUD: plastic devices (some wrapped in copper) that create a mild inflammatory reaction in the endometrium that prevents the implantation of a fertilized egg as well as kill sperm
-side effects range from pain and bleeding to infertility caused by pelvic inflammatory disease and blockage of the fallopian tubes
what are hormonal treatments?
techniques for decreasing gamete production depend on altering the hormonal environment of the body
-in centuries past females would eat or drink various plant concoctions for contraception, some of which worked due to the presence of estrogen-like compounds
-various combinations of estrogen and progestins (or progestin only) inhibit gonadotropin secretion (LH and FSH) from the anterior pituitary necessary for follicle development/ovulation. thickened cervical mucus
what are male contraceptives?
RISUG/VasalGel
-reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance
-injection of polymer get into vas deferens (kill sperm)
male hormone contraception
-combination progestin/androgen
-initial results are complete suppression of spermatogenesis in 90% of men
vaccines: produce antibodies to ovum or sperm
what is the table of contraceptive methods?
what is infertility?
the inability to conceive (after having regular sex for a year)
what is infertility in males?
what is infertility in females?
what are assisted reproductive techology?
-for many years infertile couples had no choice but adoption
in vitro fertilization
-under 35: over 50%
-35-37: 40%
-38-40: 25%
-over 40: 8%
what is artificial insemination?
what is capacitation and why is it necessary for fertilization?
-sperm shed surface molecules (proteins and carbohydrates) allowing them to rapidly swim and penetrate an egg, believed to depend on substances produced in uterus (albumin, lipoproteins, proteolytic enzymes)
-fertilization of egg by sperm occurs by chance, possibly aided by chemical attractants produced by the egg
-an egg is viable to be fertilized for 12-24 hours post ovulation before degeneration (6 days where can get pregnant)
-sperm will remain viable in the female reproductive tract for 5-6 days
where does fertilization occur?
-commonly occurs in distal portion of fallopian tube
-of the millions of sperm deposited, about 100 reach this point
-sperm must penetrate loosely connected granulosa cells and the zona pellucida later
-powerful enzymes dissolve cell junctions and zona pellucida
what are the stages of fertilization?
what are needed for fertilization?
where does the embryo implant?
in the endometrium
-progesterone slows down smooth muscle contraction in fallopian tubes
-dating of pregnancy (6-7 days)
