repro 4 Flashcards
what is the graph of external female genitalia?
labias=protection
clitoris=pleasure
vagina=leads to womb
what is the graph of internal genitalia?
-vagina leads to uterus (womb)
-opening of uterus, the cervix
what is the uterus?
-the uterus is where a fertilized egg implants and develops during pregnancy
3 layers:
-perimetrium: thin outer connective tissue layer
-myometrium: a thick layer of smooth muscle
-endometrium: an inner layer (shed during period)
what are the fallopian tubes?
sperm swims into uterus and proceeds down the fallopian tubes (20-25cm)
-contains 2 layers of smooth muscle similar to intestines and lined with cilia to move eggs to uterus
what is the cross-sectional graph of the ovaries?
the ovaries produces eggs and hormones
-dense connective tissue layer covering
-inner portion=stroma (medulla and thick outer cortex)
how many are there in follicle development?
-5-7 million oogonia during fetal development
-500,000 primordial follicles (primary oocytes) at birth
-180 00 primordial follicles at puberty (wide range seen)
what is follicle development?
-primordial follicles are recruited each cycle (1 year complete maturation)
-ovaries contain follicles n different developmental stages
-as secondary follicle develops “antrum” forms become tertiary
-a single tertiary “dominant” follicle fully develop
-many undergo atresia
what is an antrum?
fluid filled cavity
-storage of enzymes, hormones, growth factors and regulatory factors needed for oocyte maturation, ovulation and fertilization
what is it throughout follicle development?
primary oocyte (double DNA, has not undergone meiosis)
what is the menstrual cycle?
females produce mature gametes in monthly cycles (avg 28 days normal range 24-35)
-commonly referred to as the menstrual cycle due to the 3-7 days of bloody uterine discharge (menses or menstruation) ovarian and uterine cycles
what is the ovarian cycle?
-follicular phase: marked by follicular growth, most variable 10 days to 3 weeks
-ovulation: once one or more follicles have ripened, the ovary releases oocyte(s) during ovulation
-luteal phase (post ovulatory phase): ruptured follicles transforms to corpus luteum (yellow), named for yellow pigment and lipid deposits
-secretes hormones, cease to function after two weeks
what is the graph of follicle development
what is the graph of the ovarian cycle?
what is the uterine cycle?
-menses: the beginning of the follicular phase in ovary corresponds with menstrual bleeding from the uterus (endometrial layer)
-proliferative phase: latter part of the follicular phase, the uterus adds new cells to the endometrium later in anticipation of pregnancy
-secretory phase: after ovulation hormones from corpus luteum covert thickened endometrium into a secretory structure
-if pregnancy does not occur, the superficial endometrium layers are lost during menstruation and the cycle begins again
what is the graph of both cycles?
how is the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle complex?
-GnRH from hypothalamus
-FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
-estrogen, progesterone, inhibin and AMH from the ovary
-during the follicular phase, estrogen is dominant
-ovulation is triggered by surges in LH and FSH
-during luteal phase, progesterone is dominant
what is the early to mid-follicular phase?
first day of menstruation is day 1
-FSH is released, several tertiary follicles mature
-granulosa (FSH) and thecal (LH) cells begin to produce hormones
-androgens (androstenedione) converted to estrogens (aromatase) in granulosa cells
-AMH prevents additional follicle recruitment
-estrogen negative feedback anterior pituitary, positive on granulosa cells
-estrogen causes endometrium proliferation
what is the graph of the hormones?
what is the late follicular phase and ovulation?
-estrogen release peaks from follicles
-some follicles undergo atresia, dominant follicle persists and granulosa cells now begin to also release progesterone and inhibin
-persistently high estrogen flips to positive feedback on hypothalamus
-LH surges to greater degree than FSH (inhibin)
-high estrogen readies endometrium of uterus for implantation
