repro 5

Question 1

what is the summary slide of all phases?

Answer 1

Question 2

what is ovulation?

Answer 2

occur 16-24 hours after LH peak
-LH necessary for oocyte maturation
-meiosis resumes (1st division)

mature follicle secretes prostaglandins and proteolytic enzymes
-proteolytic enzymes breakdown collagen and connective tissue holding follicle together
-prostaglandins may contributes to rupture of follicle and/or ovary wall
-secondary oocyte is swept into fallopian tube by fimbriae

Question 3

what is the graph of everything in the ovary?

Answer 3

Question 4

what is the early to mid-luteal phase?

Answer 4

both thecal and granular cells transform into luteal cells (LH)
-lipid droplets and glycogen granules accumulate in cytoplasm and it begins to secrete progesterone
-estrogen and progesterone levels steadily rise and provide negative feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
-progesterone (dominant during luteal) continues to influence endometrium (secretory) in preparation for pregnancy
-cervical plug preventing bacteria and sperm

Question 5

what is the late luteal phase?

Answer 5

corpus luteum has life span of 12 days
-if pregnancy does not occur, spontaneous apoptosis, to become corpus albicans
-progesterone and estrogen fall, FSH and LH increases
-maintenance of endometrium depends on progesterone, when it decreases, vessels in surface contract causing surface cells to die
-about 14 days after ovulation, 2 days after corpus luteum ceases function menstruation begins
-40mL blood, 35 mL of serous fluid and cell debris

Question 6

what is the whole table of follicle?

Answer 6

Question 7

what hormones influence female secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 7

Question 8

what is procreation?

Answer 8

-reproduction is marked by species-specific behaviors designed to ensure that egg and sperm meet

Question 9

what is procreation in terrestrial vertebrates?

Answer 9

internal fertilization requires interactive behaviors and specialized adaptations of the genitalia
-females must have a receptable for sperm
-males must possess an organ to deposit sperm in receptacle

-in humans this cannot occur in resting state, male is flaccid
-first requires the penis to stiffen and enlarge (erection)
-sperm is then released from the male reproductive tract (ejaculation)

Question 10

what is the first phase of sexual intercourse?

Answer 10

1. excitement; erotic stimuli prepare for copulation

erection in both sexes is a state of vasocongestion, arterial blood flow into spongy erectile tissue exceeds venous outflow (blood pools)
-erotic stimuli include sexually arousing tactile, sensory and psychological stimuli
-regions of body with receptors for tactile stimuli: erogenous zones

Question 11

what are the other three stages of sexual intercourse?

Answer 11

2. plateau: changes that started during excitement intensify
3. orgasms (climax): in both sexes is a series of muscle contractions accompanied by intense pleasurable sensations and further increased blood pressure, heart rate and respiration rates
4. resolution: parameters return to normal

Question 12

what is the erection reflex graph?

Answer 12

a key element to successful copulation in the ability of the male to achieve and sustain and erection
-relax smooth muscle to increase blood flow

Question 13

what is the erection reflex?

Answer 13

ACh released from parasympathetic nerves binds muscarinic ACh receptors on endothelial cells
-results in production of nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells
-NO then enters smooth muscle cell and causes relaxation of vasculature smooth muscle (increased MLCP and decreased Ca)
-engorgement compresses veins

Question 14

what are the two steps in climax?

Answer 14

1. emission (sympathetic)
   -is the movement of sperm out of the vas deferens and into the urethra, where it is joined by secretions from the accessory glands to make semen
2. ejaculation (somatic: skeletal muscle)
   -is the expulsion of semen (3mL) by a series of rapid muscular contractions accompanied by sensations of pleasure
   -erection and ejaculation can occur in absence of mechanical stimulation, non sexual erection occurs in REM sleep

Question 15

what is erectile dysfunction (impotence)?

Answer 15

the inability to achieve or sustain an erection, disrupts the sex act for both men and women
-diabetes: damage to nerves and vascular
-CVD and atherosclerosis: ED can be an early warning sign of CVD
-neurological disorders: anxiety and depression
-various drugs, alcohol and tobacco

Question 16

what are slidenafil and other PDE5 inhibitors for ED?

Answer 16

Question 17

what is female sexual dysfunction? what are treatments?

Answer 17

most commonly low sexual desire
-flibanserin (addyi)
-andosterone therapy
-bremelanotide

Question 18

what is addyi and bremelanotide

Answer 18

flibanserin (addyi): helps restore prefrontal cortex control over the brain’s motivation/ reward pathways that enable sexual desire
-bremelanotide: a synthetic hormone that acts in the hypothalamus, where it targets the melanocortin receptor, believed to be involved in upregulating a women’s sexual response to appropriate cues (vyleesi)

Question 19

what is a downside of intercourse?

Answer 19

one disadvantage of sexual intercourse for pleasure rather than reproduction is the possibility of an unplanned pregnancy
-on average, 85% of young women who have regular sexual intercourse without using any form of birth control will get pregnant within a year; many after just a single unprotected counter (not really)

Question 20

what are the 3 categories of contraceptives?

Answer 20

1. abstinence: the total avoidance of sexual intercourse (can be cyclical)
2. sterilization: tubal ligation or vasectomy
3. interventional methods: barrier methods, implantation prevention, hormonal treatments

Question 21

what is sterilization?

Answer 21

Question 22

what are old barrier methods?

Answer 22

ancient Egyptian vaginal plugs: leaves, feathers, figs held together with crocodile and elephant dung
-sea sponges soaked in vinegar, oil-soaked silk and rinses composed of garlic, turpentine and rose petals

-modern: condoms