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Part 1 Pathophysiology > Resp > Flashcards

Resp Flashcards

1
Q

Emphysema types

A

Centroacinar - upper lobes, smokers, 95%
Panacinar - lower lobes alpha 1 antitrypsin defic
Paraseptal/ distal - upper lobe, spont pneum, scarring
Irreg - all over, asymptimatic from scarring

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2
Q

Emphysema vs bronchitis

A

Bronchitis - younger, more sputum, cor pulmonale blue bloater
Emphysema - older, small heart, v sob, pink puffer

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3
Q

ARDS histology

A

Hyaline membranes
Oedema
Scattered neutrophils and macrophages
Epithelial necrosis

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4
Q

Asthma cellular response

A

Pathogen
Th2 cell
IL 4 (B) 5 (eosinophil) and 13
B cell releasrs IgE
Mast cell activated

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5
Q

Main inflamatory cell in asthma

A

Eosinophil

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6
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Destruction smooth muscle and elastic tissue, distal airways
Necrotising infections
Permanent dilation bronchioles
Thick sputum cough
CF

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7
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

Greater than 25

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8
Q

Community typical pneumonia

A

S pneum
H influenze
Moroxella
Staph aureus
Legionella
Klebsiella (gram -ve)

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9
Q

Community atypical

A

Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Coxiella
Viruses

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10
Q

HAP organisms

A

Gram -ve rods (klebsiella, serratia, e coli, pseudomonas)
Staph aureus

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11
Q

Strep pneum

A

Most common
Gram positive dipplococci
Tx penicillin

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12
Q

Heamophilis inf

A

Gram -ve pleomorphic
5% encapsulates causes bad illness
Meningitis and pink aya in kids
Attaches to endothelium and stops cilia beating and degrades IgA

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13
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis

A

Elderly
Second most common copd
Gram -ve dipplococus

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14
Q

Staph aureus

A

Gram +ve cocci
Post viral
Endocarditis ivdu
Abscess risk
Hosp aquired

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15
Q

Klebsiella

A

Gram -ve rod
Hosp aquired
Malnourished alcoholic
Thick gelatinous sputum

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16
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Aerobic gram -ve rod
Hospital acquired
CF neutropenic
Invades blood vessels extra pulm spread

17
Q

Legionella

A

Aerobic gram -ve rod
Aerosol
Immunoconoeomised
Antigen in urine,sputum fluorescent AB test
‘Pontiac fever’

18
Q

Stages lobar pneumonia

A

Congestion - vascular engorgement
Red hepatisation - confluent exudation, neutrophils and fibrin ain alveoli
Grey hepatisation - red cells disintegrate, fibrin stays
Resolution - exudate enzymatically digested

19
Q

Mutation adenocarcinoma

A

EGFR and KRAS

20
Q

4 main causes pulmonary exudate

A

Pulmonary infarction
Microbial invasion
Viral pleuritis
Cancer

21
Q

Lung metastases

A

More common than primary
Periphery of lung
Bowel, breast, kidney, thyroid, liver, lung

22
Q

Lung cancer hormone production

A

Small cell - ACTH, gastrin related peptide, calcitonin, ADH
Non small cell (mainly squamous) - PTHrP

23
Q

Histology hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A

Loose, poorly formed non caseating granulomas

24
Q

Pregnancy airway changes

A

Increased RR
Increased TV 45%
Decreased FRC by 20-30%
Increased O2 req and CO2 production 60%
Decreases airway resistance due to progesterone

25
Q

Atelectasis

A

Resorption - obstructive e.g. mucous, fb.mefiastinum towards collapse
Compression - fluid or air in pleural cavity, mediastinum away
Contraction - fibrosis, non reversable

26
Q

Pneumonia assoc cd4 <50

A

Cmv
Mycobacterium avium

27
Q

Pneumonia assoc CD4 <200

A

PCP, fungal
Dry cough

28
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma lung

A

20% lung Ca
Smoke related
Along peribronchial tree
Male
Hypercalcaemia

29
Q

Small cell lung ca

A

14% cancers
Assoc cushings and siadh
V smoke related
Super invasive
Initially responsive chemo

30
Q

Carcinoid lung tumour

A

Slow growing
Female <40
Assoc carcinoid syndrome
Collar button lesions

31
Q

Adenocarcinoma lung

A

Most common lung ca
Female non smokers
Peripheral bronchoalveolar

32
Q

Large cell lung cancer

A

3%
Undifferentiated cells

33
Q

Small smell lung cancer histology

A

small hyperchromatic nuclei with fine chromatin pattern, indistinct nucleoli, diffuse sheet of cells and dense core granules

Part 1 Pathophysiology (15 decks)

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