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Part 1 Pathophysiology > Cell and tissue > Flashcards

Cell and tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Causes hyperplasia

A

BPH, HPV, breast puberty, wound healing

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2
Q

Causes hypertrophy

A

Uterus pregnancy, breast pregnancy, cardiac muscle in chronic hypertension

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3
Q

Cardiac hypertrophy

A

mechanical sensors
growth factors
vasoactive agent ( alpha ag, AT II, endothilin 1)

Cause signal to transcription factors GATA4, MFAT, MEF2

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4
Q

Columnar to squamous metaplasia

A

resp tract due to smoking / vit A deficiency
salivary, pancreatic, biliary duct

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5
Q

Squamous to columnar metaplasia

A

Barretts osophagus

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6
Q

Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorhexis

A

fading of nucleus
Shrinking
fragmentation

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7
Q

Necrotic cell microscopy

A

eosinophilia, loss glycogen, myelin figures, nuclear degradation, lysosomal swelling

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8
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

tissue architecture preserved - happens in gangrenous, solid organ ischaemia (brain liquefactive)

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9
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

antibody/antigen complexes in vessel walls, bright pink area, seen in immunological disease e.g. lupus

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10
Q

caseous

A

friable and white, damages/ dead cells surrounded by inflam border

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11
Q

Cytochrome C

A

caspase released from mitochondria -.> apopoptosis

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12
Q

Antioxidants

A

Vits ACE, glutathione
enzymes - catalases, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase

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13
Q

Action on ROS

A

lipid peroxidation
oxidative modification proteins
lesions in DNA

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14
Q

Ischaemic reperfusion injury

A

free radicals from damaged mitochondria
ROS promote MPT pores inhibiting mitochondrial recovery
Inflamation + PMNs cause inc cytokines and adesion molecules
IgM deposition in tissue activating complement

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15
Q

C3b

A

opsonisation + phagocytosis

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16
Q

C3a and 5a

A

anaphylatoxins
histamine release
vasc permeability and vasodilation

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17
Q

C5a

A

chemotaxis - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
activates lipoxygenase arachidonic acid pathway

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18
Q

Complement outcome

A

inflamation (c3a and 5a)
Opsonisation and phagoytosis (C3b)
Cell lysis via MAC (C789)

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19
Q

Complement pathways

A

Classical - C1 antibody IgG/M
Alternative - C3 via surface molecules
Lectin - C1 mannose binding lectin binds to carb on microbe

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20
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell gets smaller, contents not leaked, no inflammatory reaction
morpphology - everything tightly packed, chromatin condensation, ytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic bodies

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21
Q

Apoptosis initiation pathways

A

extrinsic - death receptor TNFalpha binds cytokines
Intrinsic - mitochondrial, inc perm, regulated by BCL2 (antiapoptotic)

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22
Q

Apoptosis execution pathway

A

mediated caspases
8,9 initiate
3,6 execute

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23
Q

p53

A

tumour suppressor - cell cycle arrest at G1 / G2 checkpoint regulator

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24
Q

Common locations steatosis

A

liver, kidney, muscle
foamy appearance with macophages

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25
Q

Appearance protein acumulation

A

rounded eosinophilic droplets or russell bodies in ER

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26
Q

Glycogen appearance in cells

A

clear vacuoles in cytoplasm, renal tubular cells in DM

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27
Q

Dystrophic vs metastatic calcification

A

dystrophic normal Ca level on damaged tissue
Metastatic high Ca, on alkaline tissue kidney, resp gastric

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28
Q

telomere

A

repetitive nucleotide sequence at end of chromosome preventing degredation

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29
Q

TLRs

A

in vasc wall and inflam cells
Innate immunity
Recognise microbes

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30
Q

Step of leukocytes in inflamation

A

margination
rolling
firm adhesions with integrins
diapedesis

stimulated by IL 8

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31
Q

Cell response time

A

first 24 neutrophils
then moocytes/ macrophages
lymphocytes for viral
eosinophils for hypersensitivity

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32
Q

Professional phagocytes

A

monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, mast cells

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33
Q

Opsonins

A

Fc fragment IgG, C3b

34
Q

Termination acute inflamation

A

arachidonic acidd metabplites - lipoxin A4 and B4
anti inflam cytokines TGFb and IL10

35
Q

Anti inflam cytokines

A

4,10,11,13
TGFb

36
Q

Actions serotonin and histamine

A

smooth muscle contraction GIT and bronchi
vasodilation locally
Nerve ending activation with itch

37
Q

Arachidonic acid stimulators

A

mechanical
chemical
phospholipase A2
C5a

38
Q

Platelet activating factor

A

from phospholipids via phospholipase A2
stimulate plt to form TXA2 -> aggregation
broncho and vasoconstriction
Leukocyte activation

39
Q

Bradykinin

A

from kininogen (plasma protein) via kallikrein enzyme
inc vasc perm, vasodilation, contraction smooth muscle, pain

40
Q

TXA2

A

from cox pathway
Vasoconstriction and plt aggregation

41
Q

5 lipoxygenase pathway

A

from arachidonic acid
HETE + leukotriene B4 - chemotaxis and leukocyte adhesion
leukotriene C4 D4 E4 vasoconstriction and inc vasc perm
lipoxin A4 + B4 - supress inflamation

42
Q

TNF, IL1

A

cytokines from macrophages, acute phase reaction
+IL6 -> fever
dec insulin sense
TNF cachexia + NO production
stimulate leukocyte production, adhesion to and migration through vessels

43
Q

Serous inflammation

A

minimal cells, effusion
inc vasc perm or local irritation
e.g. burns or blister

44
Q

fibrinous inflammation

A

fibrin passes out of blood to extracelular space
mainly pleura, pericardium, meninges
eosinophilic meshwork/ amorphous coagulation
broken down by fibrinolysis/ becomes scar
e.g. big injury or local to cancer

45
Q

purulent inflammation

A

neutrophils, necrotic cells, oedema
bacteria cause liquefactive necrosis
central necrotic leukocytes, surrounded by preserved neutrophils and vascular dilation

46
Q

Cells in chronic inflammation

A

macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosipnophils

47
Q

Macrophage activation

A

classical - M1 - activated by IFNy, TLR activation, acute defence + inflam reactions
alternative - M2 - IL4+13, tissue repair

48
Q

Granulomatous inflamation

A

chronic inflammation with collections activated macropages
macrophage with abundant cytoplasm - epithelioid cell
2 fused - giant cell
FB type - non T cells
Immune - t cell mediated

49
Q

Causes granulomas

A

TB - caseating (amorphous, eosinopilic debris in centre)
Cat scratch disease
Sarcoid
Syphilis
Schistosomiasis
Leprosy
Crohns
FB
Silicosis
Blastomycosis
Temporal arteritis

50
Q

Labile tisue

A

constantly dividing + replaced by stem cells
haematopoetic cells
Epithelial cells:
stratified squamous - skin, oral, vagina, cervix
cuboidal - ducts
columnar - GI, uterus, fallopian tubes
transitional - bladder

51
Q

Stable tissue

A

in G0 of cell cycle, can divide (limited except liver) in response to injury
solid organs
endothelial cells
Smooth muscle
Fibroblasts, lymphocytes

52
Q

Permanent tissue

A

non dividing
neurons and cardiac tissue

53
Q

TGF B

A

in plt, endothelium and lymphocytes and macrophages
fibroblast chemotaxis
collagen production
Associated with fibrosis

54
Q

TIV collagen

A

Basement membrane, goodpastures

55
Q

TI collagen

A

bone and skin, osteogenesis imperfecta

56
Q

TII collagen

A

cartilage, IV discs

57
Q

TIII collagen

A

hollow organs

58
Q

TV collagen

A

blood vessels EDS

59
Q

Elastin

A

elastin core surrounded by fibrillin
defects fibrillin in marfans

60
Q

Hepatic regeneration

A

post partial heatectomy - 90% reenerated with proliferation hepatocytes
priming phase - IL6 from kuppfer
growth factor phase - HGF / TGFa restart cell cycle
termination phase
if damage to all liver cells some regen from oval stem cells

61
Q

Cutaneous wound healing

A

D1 - VEGF, neutrophils
D1-2 - epithelial cells migrate meet in midline
D3 - macrophages replace neutrophils, granulation tissue with collagen
D5 - peak angiogenesis, fibriblasts
Week2 - decreased leukocytes, on going collagen and fibroblasts, blanching
1m - scar no inflam cells

62
Q

Sutured wound strength

A

with sutures - 70%
1 week at suture removal - 10%
2-3m - 70-80%

63
Q

Factors affecting wound healing

A

vit C deficiency, zinc deficiency, protein deficiency
Uraemia, DM
cytotoxics
Marfans, EDS, osteogenesis

64
Q

rER

A

has ribosomes
protein synthesis (in ribosomes)
post translational sorting/ polypeptide folding

65
Q

sER

A

lipis synthesis
steroid synthesis
carb and drug metabolism
gluconeogenesis
calcium regulation

66
Q

Nucleus contents

A

nucleosomes -DNA wrapped around protein, for packaging, gene regulation and epigenetics (histone modification)
nucleolus - RNA for ribosomal synth
double layered membrane

67
Q

Centriole

A

no membrane
organelle that organises microtubules

68
Q

T1 hypersensitivity

A

IL4–> IgE, mast cells, histamine
anaphylaxis, asthma

69
Q

T2 hypersensitivity

A

antibody mediated, IgG + M against self antigens, leukocytes
graves, goodpastures, autimmune haemolytic anaemia

70
Q

T3 hypersensitivity

A

Antigen antibody complex, leukocytes + complement causing inflammation and necrotising vasculitis
SLE, serum sickness, Arthur’s reaction

71
Q

T4 hypersensitivity

A

T-cell activation against self-antigens and T-cell–mediated cytotoxicity
MS, type 1 diabetes, TB, IBD, and rheumatoid arthritis

72
Q

PGD2 and E2

A

vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

73
Q

wear and tear pigment

A

lipofuscin

74
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, Langerhans cells, and B cells

75
Q

Post splenectomy bloods

A

Thrombocytosis
Heinz bodies in rbc
Howell jolly bodies

76
Q

Nuceoli

A

Most numerous in growing cells
Site of ribosome synthesis

77
Q

rER

A

Protein synthesis, folding etc

78
Q

Ribosome

A

2 subuniys
RNA 65%
Translate mRNA into protein
In rER

79
Q

Main site increased vascular permeability

A

Post capillary venules

80
Q

Prussian blue staining

A

Detects iron in tissue

81
Q

Day collagen deposition in wound healing

A

D3
Initially TIII then TI

Part 1 Pathophysiology (15 decks)

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