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Part 1 Pathophysiology > Infectious diseases > Flashcards

Infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Measles

A

RNA paromyxovirus
Rash from behind ears
Koplik spot
Warthin finkeldy giant multinucleate cells
pneumonia, otitis media, keratitis, encephaitis
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
at risk if vit A defic - blindness

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2
Q

Mumps

A

RNA paromyxovirus
parotid, orchitis, pancreatitis, asceptic meningitis

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3
Q

acute transient viruses

A

measles
mumps
polio - 1% symptomatic
west nile virus
viral haemorrhagic fever

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4
Q

alpha latent viruses

A

Infect epithelial cells, latent in neurons
HSV1, HSV2, VZV

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5
Q

Beta latent viruses

A

lymphotropic, invade variety cell types
CMV, HHV6 (roseala infantum), HHV7

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6
Q

Gamma latent viruses

A

EBV, HHV8 (kaposi assoc)
latent in lymphoid cells

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7
Q

CMV cells

A

owls eye
large cells, large inculsion bodies surrounded by halo
pleomorphic

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8
Q

EBV

A

atypical cytotoxic T cells
mono
reed sternberg like cells
assoc B cell neoplasm and burkitts

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9
Q

HPV

A

DNA virus
infects squamous epithelial
6&11 low risk
16&18 high
proteins E6+7 supress p53

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10
Q

Staph aureus virulence factors

A

surface protein aderence host cells
enzymes e.g. lipase S degrades lipids
toxins - alph beta, superantigens(TSS)
proteins causing AB resistance

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11
Q

Beta haemolytic trep

A

group A - pyogenes - pharyngitis, scarlet fever, erysipelas, impetigo, rheumatic fever, toxic shock, neck fasc, GN
group B - agalacticae - female genital tract, chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis

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12
Q

Alpha haemolytic strep

A

pneumoniae - CAP, meningitis
viridans - mutans group caries and endocarditis

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13
Q

Strep virulence factors

A

GBS + pneum - encapsulated
Pneum - pneumolyin destroys cell membranes
pyogenes - m protein inhibits complement and destroys cell membranes, exotoxin causing fever and rash (scarlet)

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14
Q

Encapsulated bacteria

A

Group B Streptococcus (agalacticae), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Yes some killer bacteria have pretty nice capsules

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15
Q

Diphtheria

A

gram +ve rod
grey exudate over pharynx or skin
membrane off -> bleeding risk asphyxiation
upper airway infections –> heart and nerves
AB toxin

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16
Q

Listeriosis

A

INTRACELLULAR gram +ve rod facultative anaerobe
food bourne
still birth and neonatal sepsis
NK cells early, T cells late
gram +ve intracellular bacilli in CSF

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17
Q

Intracellular bacteia

A

Legionella, Listeria, and Mycobacterium.
Obligate - mycoplasma, rickettsia

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18
Q

Anthrax

A

gram +ve spore forming rod, facultative anaerobe
cutaneous - fine
resp - death
GI - 40% mort
AB toxin

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19
Q

Neisseria

A

gram -ve aerobic diplococci ENCAPSULATED
meningitides - lots of serotypes, 10% mort
gonorrhoea - 2nd most common STI, neonatal conjunctivitis

invade non ciliated epithelia CD46
has OPA protein

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20
Q

Pertussis

A

gram -ve aerobic coccobacillus
dx PCR
invades ciliated epithelial cells
AB toxin
+ toxin paralyses cilia

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21
Q

Pseudomonas

A

opportunistic gram-ve aerobic rod
sever in CF, burns, neutropenic
AB toxin
phospholipase C lyses RBCs and surfactant
Elastase degrades ECM
necrotising inflamation

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22
Q

Infections caused by pseudomonas

A

HAP
keratitis (contact lenses)
swimmers otitis externa
hot tub folliculitis
necrotic lesions in burns
endocarditis IVDU
osteomyelitis IVDU
catheter associated UTI

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23
Q

Mantoux test false

A

-ve - overwhelming viral infection, other viral, sarcoid, malnutritino, immunosupression
+ve - vaccination, atypical mycobacterium

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24
Q

TB interleukins

A

dendritic -> IL12 -> Th1 -> TNFy

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25
Q

Leprosy types

A

mycobacterium
tuberculoid - less severe, granulomas, asymmetrical Th1
lepromatous - symetrical, invades schann cells Th2

26
Q

Syphillis

A

trepenema pallidum
gram -ve spirochete
primary - single chancre
secondary 2-10w - fever, multiple lesions inc palms and soles, asymptomatic neurosyphilis
tertiary - cardiac aortitis, neuro, benign gumma

27
Q

Lyme

A

gram -ve spirochete
borrelia burgdorferi
1. spirochetes in dermis, erythema marginatum
2. migratory joint pain, arrhythmia, meningitis, lymphadenopathy
3. arthropathic large joints, can have neuropathy and encephalitis

no toxins produced - damage from host response

28
Q

C perfringens

A

gram +ve anaerobic rod spore forming
cellulitis, myonecrosis, surgical gas gangrene, food poisoning
degrades ECM with hyaluronidase an collagenase
alpha toxin releases phospholipase C degrading membranes RBCs, plts and muscles

29
Q

C tetani and botulinum

A

gram +ve anaerobic rod spore forming
tetani - neurotoxin causing inc muscle tone, spasm, lock jaw, prevents release inhib neurotransmitters
botulinum - inhibits ACh release, flacid paralysis

30
Q

c difficile

A

gram +ve anaerobic rod spore forming
toxin A - fluid secretion and inflam response
toxin B - cytotoxin - cell death

31
Q

Chlamydia

A

obligate intracellular rod, gram -ve
needs host for ATP
asymptomatic male and female
most common STI
dx amplified nucleic acid test

32
Q

Rickettsia

A

obligate intracellular gram -ve rod
vector transmission
epidemic typhus
scrub typhus
rocky mountain spotted fever
ehrlichiosis

33
Q

Candida

A

can shift phenotypes
binds to cell with integrins and agglutinins
forms biofilm
systemically can cause abscesses
Th17

34
Q

Cryptococcus

A

encapsulated yeast, polysaccharide capsule
bird dropping or soil
cavitating lung lesion, meningitis
stains red

35
Q

Aspergillus

A

Mould
opportunistic in lung cavities
necrotising pneumonia
from lung to heart and brain
in neutropenic or steroid use

36
Q

Resistance to malaria

A

point mutation globin - sickle
globin deficiency - thalassaemia
red cell membrane defect - DARC absence
red cell enzyme mutation - G6PD
prolonged repeat exposure

37
Q

Virulence malaria falciparum

A

infect cell any age
red cell clumping
proteins inhibit cytokine production
antigenic variation

38
Q

Protozoal illnesses

A

unicellular eukaryotic organisms
malaria
babesiosis - ticks
leishmaniasis - infllam skin, MMs, viscera
chagas - heart
african tryponosomiasis

39
Q

Taenia solium

A

tape worm from pig
cysts (undercooked pork) - attac abdo wall, tape work grows in abdo
eggs (faecal food/ water)- through gut wall t blood -> cystericosis to brain, seizures

40
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

fresh water snails
blood to liver
liver fibrosis
blood in stool
haematuria if in bladder
risk bladder SCC
tx praziquantel

41
Q

Prions

A

lack RNA an DNA
in neurons
cause spongiform encephalitis

42
Q

Human bite organisms

A

strep viridans
staph aureus
h influenzae
anaerobes
eikenella corrodens

43
Q

Aschoff bodies

A

nodules fond in heart with rheumatic fever

44
Q

RNA viruses

A

HCV, Ebola, SARS, influenza, polio, measles, mumps and retrovirus including HTLV-1 HIV

45
Q

Causes aseptic meningitis

A

eterovirus
pleomorphism
raised wcc
raised protein
normal glucose

46
Q

Osteomyelitis IVDU/ post UTI

A

E coli, Pseudo­monas, and Klebsiella

47
Q

Cholera

A

secretory diarrhoea
endotoxin - alpha subunit in cytoplasm activates adenyl cyclase which inc cAMP, open CFTR SI

48
Q

Campylobacter

A

most common bacterial diarrhoea western world
chicken water milk
15% dysentry
flagella, adherence molecules, cholera like toxin
assoc GBS and arthritis

49
Q

Shigella

A

unencapsulated
Gram negative rod facultative anaerobe
50% dysentery
high death
resistant to stomach acid
endotoxin
reiters and HUS

50
Q

Salmonella

A

typhoid and non typhoid diarrhoea
typhoid dysentry SI
90% +ve BCs if febrile
Gram negative rod

51
Q

Yersinia

A

pork, water milk
ilium, appendix, asc colon
reiters syndrome, GN, myocarditis

52
Q

ETEC

A

enterotoxigenic
travellers diarrhoea
heat stable toxin inc cGMP
heat labile inc cAMP
SI

53
Q

EHEC

A

enterohaemorrhagic
large outbreaks
dysentry, shigella like toxin
HUS, thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura

54
Q

EIEC

A

enteroinvasive
no toxins
colitis
dysentry

55
Q

EAEC

A

enteroaggregative
fimbrae
shigella like toxin
non bloody diarrhoea
assoc aids

56
Q

viral gastro

A

noro - rna most common
rota - dna - most common kids
adeno - dna - second most common

57
Q

What do rickettsia and chlamydia invade

A

Ricketsia endorhelium
Chlamydia epithelium

58
Q

Gram positive rods

A

Clostridium (spore anaerobe)
Anthrax
Nocardia (aerobic)
Diphtheria
Listeria

59
Q

Gram positive rods

A

Clostridium (spore anaerobe)
Anthrax
Nocardia (aerobic)
Diphtheria
Listeria

60
Q

Paramyxoviridae

A

RNA
Measles
Mumps

61
Q

Polio virus type

A

Enterovirus
RNA
Doesn’t enter dorsal root ganglion

62
Q

Bacteria using phospholipase c

A

Pseudomonas
C perfringen
Bacillus cereus
Staph aureus

Part 1 Pathophysiology (15 decks)

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