resp 1

Question 1

what are the 3 main cell types in respiratory membrane

Answer 1

type 1 alveolar = simple squamous
type 2 alveolar = surfactant
alveolar macrophages

Question 2

what are the factors that affect gas excahnge

Answer 2

conc/partial pressure gases (high altitute)
rate of exchange (blood supply to lungs)
alveolar SA (emphysema)
compliance of lungs (oedema + scarring)
airway resistance (asthma, copd)

Question 3

what are the normal lung defence mechanisms

Answer 3

glottic and cough reflex
mucociliary blanket
alveolar macrophages
immune defences

Question 4

describe impairment of lung defence via loss or suppression of cough reflex

Answer 4

consciousness
drugs
neuromuscular disorders
chest pain

Question 5

describe impairment of lung defence via injury to mucociliary escalator

Answer 5

ciagrette smoke and alcohol
inhalation of hot/corrosive gases
ciral diseases that degrade mucus or attacks epithelium
bacterial pathogens paralyse cilia 
cystic fibrosis

Question 6

describe impairment of lung defence via interference with phagocytic function of alveolar macrophage

Answer 6

alcohol, tobacco smoke

o2 intoxication

Question 7

describe impairment of lung defence via immunodeficiency

Answer 7

congenital/acquired immunodeficiency eg transplant, AIDS, leukaemia

Question 8

describe impairment of lung defence via accumulation of secretions

Answer 8

cycstic fibrosis

bronchial obstruction

Question 9

what is the common cold and what does it affect

Answer 9

acute, self-limiting upper respiratory infection that mainly affects nasopharynx
causes swelling and increased secretions bs vira linfection of mucosa and immune response
causes inflammation of nasolacrimal duct (watery eyes), nasal cavity (sinusitis), auditory tube and larynx

Question 10

how is the common cold transmitted and what type of virus is it

Answer 10

mainly rhinovirus, with 100 serotypes
can survive up to 5 hours on skin and hard surfaces
infected hand to nose-eye is most common, rather than inhaling infected aerosol

Question 11

what is pneumonia and how can it be classified

Answer 11

inflammation of the lung - bronchioles and alveoli

aetiological, clinical, typical/atypical, path pattern

Question 12

what is the main bacterial cause of pneumonia

Answer 12

streptoccocus pneumoniae

also staph aureus, h inluenza

Question 13

what are the clinical features of pneumonia

Answer 13

community acquired - bacterial (adults) viral (children)
strep penumoniae
or hospital acquired

Question 14

describe typical pneumonia

Answer 14

abrupt onset
bacteria multiply in alveoli -> exudate in air-filled spaced of alveoli
strep pneumonia

Question 15

describe atypical pneumonia

Answer 15

often slow onset

patchy infection in alveolar septum and pulmonary interstitium -> minimal alvoelar exudate -> less striking symptoms

Question 16

difference between lobar and bronchopenumonia

Answer 16

lobar = exudate in whole lobe

in broncho = patchy

Question 17

dscribe lobar pneumonia

Answer 17

= large portion of entire lobe
organisms gain entry and spread trrough distal air spaces
complication of viral upper resp tract infection
usually community acquired

Question 18

what is the 1st stage of lobar penumonia

Answer 18

1. congestion/oedema = 24 hrs, outpouring of protein rich exudate into alveoli + vessel congestion

Question 19

what is the 2nd stage of lobar pneumonia

Answer 19

red hepatisation 
few days
infiltration rbcs and neutrophils into alveolar space 
capillaries congested 
lungs look like lever

Question 20

describe the 3rd phase of lobar pneumonia

Answer 20

grey hepatisation 
few days 
less rbs 
still neuts, macs are phagocytosing 
fibrin is being laid down

Question 21

describe the 4th stage of lobar penumonia

Answer 21

resolution
8-10 days
exudate broken down by enxymes and cleared away

Question 22

what is bronchopneumonia

Answer 22

ptchy distribution where infection staetes in bronchs
hospital acquired
predisposed = immunosuppression/underlying lung disease

Question 23

what are the outcomes of penumonia

Answer 23

resolution, abscess formation, empyema (pus in pleura), septicaemia/bacteraemia

Question 24

clinical features of pneumonia

Answer 24

sudden onset with rigors, rise temp, anorexia, headache, arthralgia, dry short painful cough

Question 25

treatment of penumonia

Answer 25

antibiotics