colorectal cancer

Question 1

describe stats of bowel cancer

Answer 1

15,000 new cases/year with 4000 deaths
risk of being diagnosed by 85 for men = 1 in 11 for men and 1 in 15 for women
1.2 million incidence/yr worldwide

Question 2

describe the mutations that can lead to colorectal cancer GENETICALLY

Answer 2

familial adenomatous polyposis (polyps)
(APC mutation)
lynch syndrome = hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (no-polyps, germline mismatch)
MYH-associated polyposis = MYH gene mutation

Question 3

describe sporadic mutations leading to colorectal cancer

Answer 3

inhibition of APC

MMR mutation

Question 4

risk factors for colorectal cancer

Answer 4

age 
personal history of colorectal cancer 
histroy polyps
fam history of susceptability 
colitis (inflam bowel disease)
carcinogens

Question 5

which carcinogens cause colorectal cancer

Answer 5

sausages + hotdogs, bacon, salami, pork, beef, lamb, smoking, obesity, alcohollow fibre diet

Question 6

pathogenesis of adeno-carcinoma (colorectal cancer)

Answer 6

nomral epithelium -> abnormal epithelium -> small adenoma -> large adenoma -> colon carcinoma

Question 7

describe macroscopic pathology of CRC

Answer 7

protruding/exophytic = grow out into lumen
falt/ulcerating= deeper through mucosa
constricting /anular = bowel obstruction = hose-pipe effect

Question 8

describe microscopic pathology CRC

Answer 8

adenocarcinoma
mucinous adenocarcinoma
signet-ring cell

Question 9

describe clinical considerations

Answer 9

asymptomatic = NBCSP: FOB test
local symptoms = change in bowel habit, bleeding
advanced = tiredness, weightloss

Question 10

describe partial/complete bowel obstruction

Answer 10

mechanical = physical blockage
changes to bowels = loose/more frequent stools for partial obstruction
complete obstruction = constipation, abdominal distention/pain/vomiting

Question 11

prognosis of CRC

Answer 11

1/3 people die within 5 years