neoplasia 2

Question 1

describe the structure of a neoplasm

Answer 1

parenchyma = neoplastic cells 
stroma = non-neoplastic, host derived CT and BV

Question 2

desdcribe benign tumours

Answer 2

xant metastasie, slow gorwing, cant become malignant but can compress.
are well encapsulated with fibrous capsule and well differentiated

Question 3

describe malignant tumours

Answer 3

CANCER, metastasis, setruct tissue, obstruct, systemic cachexia,
poorly defined, necrosis + haem + variable differentiation

Question 4

what are the requirements for metastasis

Answer 4

mobility, invasion through blood/lymph/body cavities, angiogenesis, adapt to new env

Question 5

difference between metastasis an direct invasion

Answer 5

metasasis = cells detach and orm secondary tumour at different site
direct invasion = extension of OG tumour

Question 6

tumour terminology

Answer 6

prefix = line diff (adeno, squamous cell, leiomyo, osteo)
suffix = benign = oma
malignant = carcinoma for epithelial
sarcoma for bone, cartilate, muscle

Question 7

what is carcinoma in situe

Answer 7

dysplastic change that involves enire thickness of epitheleium
pre-invasive stage of cancer => cant breach basement mem

Question 8

which 3 characteristics cause genomic instability and lots of mutaions

Answer 8

self-sufficiency in growth signals
insensitivity to anti-growth signals
evasion of apoptosis

Question 9

why do cancer cells have limitless replicative potential

Answer 9

have active telomerase enzyme = recap chromosomes = prevent telomere shortening + escape senescence to keep dividing

Question 10

describe cancer cells tissue invasion and metastasis

Answer 10

lytic enzymes, decrased cell adhesion, increased motility. expression of comp adhesion molecules for metastases

Question 11

how can cancer cells evade immune response

Answer 11

dont always produce tumour antigens, stop expressing MHC on surface = immunosuppressive cytokines inhibit t cell activation

Question 12

describe angiogensisis in cancer

Answer 12

tumours need blood supply, for nutrients, o2, growth factors and metastatic spread
sp secrete own angiogenic factors

Question 13

what is grade of cancers

Answer 13

extent of differentiation (G1-4)

Question 14

what is stage of cancers

Answer 14

based on progression of malignancies to determine degree of spread
-size, depth of invasion of primary tumour, location of metastasis
radiological + pathological assessments

Question 15

what are side effects of traditional treatments

Answer 15

radio + chemo = non-specific => target all rapidly dividing cells
therfore = anaemia, GI probs, hair loss etc

Question 16

describe herceptin

Answer 16

targeted therapy for HER2 cancer

herceptin binds to her2 receptors = prevents rec act therefore no division