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geography > resource reliance (info only) > Flashcards

resource reliance (info only) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a resource

A

a stock or supply of something which has value

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2
Q

what are factors affecting global supplies

A
  • wars
  • growing population
  • pests/pathogens
  • climate change
  • cost of agriculture
  • demand for a better lifestyle
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3
Q

what is a carrying capacity

A

the limit to which something can hold

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4
Q

what is the demographic transition model

A

the graph which sows which stage a city is in based on the death and birth rates

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5
Q

what does non - renewable mean

A

it means something which will eventually run out

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6
Q

what does renewable mean

A

something which will never run out as it can be replenished as fast as it is used

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7
Q

what does sustainable mean

A

when something is maintained or has more benefits

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8
Q

list renewable energy resources

A
  • geothermal
  • wind
  • solar
  • tidal
  • wave
  • hydroelectric
  • biofuel
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9
Q

list non-renewable sources of energy

A
  • coal
  • natural gas
  • oil
  • nuclear
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10
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of wind energy

A

advantages: renewable, can work day and night, cheap to install

disadvantages: visual pollution, can kill birds, unreliable source of energy as it depends on the winds,

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11
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy

A

advantages: sustainable, produces a lot of energy

disadvantages: waste needs to be stored for thousands of years expensive, dangerous

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12
Q

what are population pyramids

A

pyramids which show age and gender groups of a population

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13
Q

how many stages are there in the demographic transition model

A

5

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14
Q

what happens in stage 1 of the demographic transition model

A
  • lack of education and healthcare
  • high birth and death rates
  • no overall population growth
  • large families and children work rather than go to school
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15
Q

what happens in stage 2 of the demographic transition model

A
  • improved education
  • helathcare improves due to more medical care
  • improved sanitation
  • high birth rates with lower death rates
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16
Q

what happens at stage 3 of the demographic transition model

A
  • better education
  • better infastructure
  • better healthcare
  • lower infant mortality rates + use of birth control
  • birth rates and death rates fall
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17
Q

what happens at stage 4 of the demographic transition model

A
  • stable population
  • birth control more widely used
  • good education + hygiene
  • desire for smaller families
  • more deaths + less births start
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18
Q

what happens at stage 5 of the demographic transition model

A
  • total population is high
  • ageing population
  • less births + more deaths
  • overall population decreases
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19
Q

what are some reasons why there is a food shortage in some parts of the world

A
  • not enough food can be grown
  • food can rot so cant be eaten
  • food demand increases as population increases
  • climate change - natural diseases
  • lack of rainfall
  • land and water degradation
  • diseases
  • cost of agriculture
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20
Q

what is blue water

A

water from rivers, lakes, seas and groundwater

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21
Q

what is grey water

A

polluted or recycled water

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22
Q

what is green water

A

water from percipitation

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23
Q

what is saline water

A

water which has salt in it

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24
Q

what is fresh water

A

water which does not have salt in it

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25
Q

what are glaciers

A

large slow moving bodies of ice

26
Q

what are ground water stores of water

A

water stored in undergorund in rocks

27
Q

what is permafrost

A

ground which is permanently frozen

28
Q

what are marshlands

A

land which is full of water

29
Q

what is soil moisture

A

water stored in soil

30
Q

what percentage of the worlds water is edible

A

round 2.5%

31
Q

what percentage is surface fresh water and other sources

A

1.2% percent is surface fresh water
30% ground water stores
68.7% glaciers and ice caps

32
Q

what percentage is surface fresh water accesible

A
  • ice 69%
  • lakes and river 21%
33
Q

what are the reasons for the world running our of energy

A
  • people are wealthier so use more energy
  • more people on earth
  • world uses more technology
34
Q

what are the mechanisms of modern day farming

A
  • increased demand for food
  • increased need of chemicals and irrigation
  • soil exhaustion
  • need for land; prompting deforestation
35
Q

what are some potential solutions for farming in the future

A
  • improving crop yield
  • using GMs
  • changing diets
36
Q

what are the impacts of deforestation for agriculture

A

local:
- loss of habitats
- more jobs
- overcultivation leads to use of fertilisers as soil becomes desertified and so more land is needed

regional:
same as local but bigger

global:
more CO2 but less O2
- nitogen oxide released from fertilisers and methan from rice

37
Q

what is eutrophication

A

overexcessive growth of algea caused by fertilisers

38
Q

evaluate mining for coal for energy

A

cons - land and vegetation need to be cleared
- habitat loss
- lowered CO2 intake + less O2 released by destraoyed vegetation
- washing coal can lead to contamination leading to acid rain by sulphur
- fresh water sources like rivers can be contaminated with lead and mercury

39
Q

evaluate off shore wind energy

A

pros:
- renewable
cons:
- CO2 released during construction
- construction was under budget
- unreliable as it relies on wind
- can be said it is ugly but this is based on opinions

40
Q

evaluate canadas tar sands

A

pros:
- sand can be used for petrol, oil and diesel
- increase in jobs
- can lead to resource trades
- enough oil is collected to power 3 mil canadian houses everyday
cons:
- large amount of land needs to be cleared
- produces 3 times the greenhouse gases than the normal conventional way
- water is contaminated
- 2 mil barrels of oil are collected

41
Q

how does fracking work

A
  • a drill is mined down and then turns horizontally
  • slick water is pumped down at high pressures
  • the water carries propants which opens up fissures in rocks to allow gas to escape up the water
42
Q

what are the advantages of fracking

A
  • causes countryside to be industrialised
    • may decrease energy bills
  • produces less CO2 than coal
43
Q

what are the disadvantages of fracking

A
  • small earthquakes can be caused
  • uses millions of litres of water
  • may contaminate water supplies
  • noise and light pollution + more traffic
44
Q

what is food security

A

when all people have access to safe and nutritious and sufficient food according to thier food preferances needed for a healthy life

45
Q

what are factors affecting food security

A
  • war
  • urbanisation
  • cost of agriculture
  • climate change
  • diseases/pests
  • population growth
46
Q

what is malthus’ theory on changing food resources

A

1798 - food production will fal behing population growth which will cause famine and people will die due to famine which causes the population to drop till it is just below food production rate

47
Q

what is bosurps theory of changing food resources

A

1960 - food production will fall behind population growth which causes famine and wat killing people but humans will invent solutuions to this famine causing increased food production which matches population gorwth

48
Q

what is ethical consumerism

A

when people consume which has been ethically made/grown

49
Q

what are the factors of sustainability

A
  • economical
  • social
  • environmental
50
Q

what are ways to increase food security sustainably

A
  • organic farming
  • intnsive farming
  • Gm crops
  • Hydroponics
51
Q

how is organic farming sustainable

A
  • uses natural processes to return nutrients back to the soil
  • uses natural fertiliser like horse faeces
  • dont use chemical fertilisers
  • preserves biodiversity
  • protects the ecosystem
  • can cost more money to buy horse faeces
  • food can cost more from this which limits social sustainability as not all can buy
52
Q

how is intensive farming sustainable

A
  • produces a lot of food using miminal space
  • large quanitites of fertilisers are used
  • antibiotics are given to animals to reduce disease - diseases can become resistant
  • artifical chems are used which can get into natural ecosystm aka eutrophication - reduces environmental sustainability
  • chemicals are expensive as they have to be applied year after year and if they dont the farm gets desertified
53
Q

how are GM crops sustainable

A
  • more crops in smaller areas - higher yield
  • Gm crops can be designed to be disease resistant
  • decreased use of chemical fertilisers - environmental sustainability is increased
  • Gm crops may reduce biodiversity
  • can breed with surroundings
  • GM crops dont normally produce seeds naturally so farmers would have to buy them
54
Q

how are hydroponics sustainable

A
  • plants dont require soil
  • grown in water where nutrients can be monitered for high yield
  • less water is used by this method and less chance of diseaseses so less pesticde is used - more environmentally sustainable
  • very expensive as they are high value crops
55
Q

what are ways to make food consumption ethical

A
  • Buy fair trade products
  • reduce food waste
  • buy local and seasonal food
56
Q

how does fairtrade make food consumption ethical

A
  • pay farmers a fair price
  • gives farmers quality of life
  • ethically sustainable as buyers pay extra to help farmers
  • fair trade helps farmers who grow crops envrionmentally friendly
57
Q

how is reducing food waste more ethical

A
  • 1/3 food which is grown gets wasted every year and by reducing this more food is available
  • encourages people to compst food waste rather than it getting thrown into land fills and getting turned into methane
  • customers choose food with less packaging which means less plastic pollution
58
Q

how can buying local and seasonal foods become ethical

A
  • wealthy countries import food all year round which can become expensive
  • seasonal food means that they are made in the country soo it costs less as less is imported
  • less import means less greenhouse gases emissioned
59
Q

what are some small scale approaches to making food production sustainable

A
  • permaculture
  • urban gardens
  • allotments
60
Q

how are allotments sustainable at food production

A
  • areas rented to people to grow food
  • many people in cities have no gardens
  • are socially and environmentally sustainable
61
Q

how are permacultures sustainable

A
  • people are encouraged to grow their own food and consume ethically like buying food trade or eating less meat and more veg
  • food is grown so that natural ecosystems are recreated which requires less maintance - social and environmentally sustainble
  • soil is kept healthy so crops continue to grow. as different plants are used which require different needs this means that space and light are used better
62
Q

how are urban gardens sustainable

A
  • empty land like rooftops or balonies are turned into gardens by the community
  • makes food locally available which reduces need for transport and costs cheaper
  • add greenery to cities which can create ecosystems and help the environment. attracts tourists which means economically sustaible too

geography (15 decks)

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