Resolution and Outcomes

Question 1

Complete resolution

Answer 1

Offending agent is quickly eliminated

- little tissue damage

Question 2

Abscess

Answer 2

Agent persists, particularly one that is strongly chemotactic for neutrophils
- has a wall, occurs over time

Question 3

Healing by fibrosis

Answer 3

Substantial parenchymal injury and loss

- granulation tissue fills in the defects (will result in fibrosis)

Question 4

Chronic inflammation

Answer 4

Inflammation persists

Question 5

What are the 5 things a morphologic diagnosis needs to contain?

Answer 5

• duration
• distribution/extent
• degree of severity
• exudate
• organ

Question 6

Duration

Answer 6

Estimate of lesions duration based on vascular response (hyperemia?, character of exudate (cell types), extent of repair (cell proliferation)

Question 7

Peracute

Answer 7

Rxns are apparent in a few minutes to a few hours following injury

• vascular response is intense
• exudates are fluids (serous and fibrinous)
• hyperemia is common
• hemorrhage in sever cases

Question 8

Acute

Answer 8

Rxns are apparent in 4-6 hrs after injury

• may persist for several days
• hyperemia with protein rich exudate
• neutrophils are predominant leukocyte
• fibrinous, purulent (suppurative), and fibrinopurulent exudates are common

Question 9

Subacute

Answer 9

Transition between acute and chronic inflammation

• few days to weeks after injury
• decreased vascular response
• neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes common
• proliferation does not dominate

Question 10

Chronic

Answer 10

Inflammation with fibrous and vascular proliferation

• reduced hyperemia
• parenchymal proliferation
• mononuclear inflammatory cells with few neutrophils
• granulomatous, lymphocytic, lymphoplasmocytic, fibrosing, proliferative

Question 11

Chronic active

Answer 11

Suggests chronic with foci of acute inflammation superimposed
- repeated episodes of inflammation

Question 12

Distribution/extent

Answer 12

• focal
• multifocal
• locally extensive
• diffuse: lesions involve entire tissue or organ
• widely disseminated: lesions are those in which foci are distributed all over an organ

Question 13

Serous inflammation

Answer 13

Exudate or accumulation of serum-like fluid

• serous cavities, lungs, skin
• caused by: early rxn, trauma to joints, burns
• dilution of offending agent

Question 14

Catarrhal inflammation

Answer 14

Secretion of large amounts of mucus

• occurs only in mucus membranes!! = hyperplasia of mucous glands with reproductive, intestinal, and respiratory inflammation
• mild irritants, mild or early inflammation
• seen as a clear film grossly with blue strands of mucus, may have an increased number of goblet cells

Question 15

Fibrinous exudate

Answer 15

Contains a large number of fibrin

• dull granular to thick sheets
• fibrillar eosinophilic material

Question 16

Suppurative/purulent exudates

Answer 16

Large numbers of neutrophils, necrotic tissue cells, fibrin and necrotic inflammatory cells

• abscesses
• fibrinopurulent

Question 17

Hemorrhagic exudate

Answer 17

Reflects severe vascular injury (often fatal)

• blood predominates in the exudate
• involves mucosal surfaces
• gross: surface is deep red and red tinged fluid is present

Question 18

Necrotizing

Answer 18

Severe destruction of host tissue (fibrinonecrotic, necrohemorrhagic)

Question 19

Pseudomembranous

Answer 19

Covering of a mucosal surface by a coagulum of fibrin, mucus, necrotic cells and leukocytes
- when the exudate is peeled away, there is an ulcerated mucosal surface