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Pathology > Neoplasia pt 2 > Flashcards

Neoplasia pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are direct effects of neoplasia?

A
  • replace normal tissue
  • compression of neighbor tissue
  • obstruction
  • disrupt anatomical relationships
  • vascular compression/infiltration = infarction = necrosis
  • rupture
  • erosion of vessels = rupture, hemorrhage
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2
Q

Paraneoplastic effects

A

Tumors cause various systemic signs, indirect, from tumor cell products
- mostly seen in dogs

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3
Q

Systemic

A

Anorexia, cachexia, fever

- weight loss despite a good appetite, driven by cytokines

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4
Q

Endocrine

A

Hypercalcemia, hypoglycemia, hyperestrogenism, thyrotoxicosis

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5
Q

Skeletal

A

Myelofibrosis, hypertrophic osteopathy (related to chest tumors)

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6
Q

Vascular/hematopoietic

A

Leukocytosis, leukopenia, anemia, DIC

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7
Q

Neurologic

A

Myasthenia gravis, peripheral neuropathy

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8
Q

Cutaneous

A

Alopecia, nodular dermatofibrosis

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9
Q

Paraneoplastic effects can facilitate ______

A

Early tumor detection

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10
Q

Cachexia

A

Weight loss and debility associated with cancer

  • muscle and fat are lost
  • no compensatory decrease in basal metabolism (unlike starvation)
  • added caloric intake does not alleviate
  • TNF-alpha, IL1, IL6
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11
Q

Endocrine

A

Functioning endocrine tumors

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12
Q

Thyroid carcinomas

A

Hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

Pancreas islet cell carcinomas

A

Insulinomas of beta cells

  • hyperinsulinemia/hypoglycemia
  • seizures, weakness, incoordination
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14
Q

Ectopic hormone production

A

Production of hormone not normally found in tissue of origin

- insulin like hormone production, colonic leiomyoma = hypoglycemia

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15
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) = humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

  • adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac (90% of cases)
  • lymphoma (20% of cases)
  • multiple myeloma (15% of cases)
  • rare in cats
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16
Q

PTHrP mimics the function of ______

A

PTH, including calcium release from bone, reabsorption from kidneys, and absorption from intestine
- hypercalcemia due to cancer metastasis to bone, or bone resorption, NOT paraneoplastic but is a direct effect of the tumor

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17
Q

Hematopoietic/vascular

A
  • eosinophilia, neutrophilia, basophilia, mast cells (rare) - cytokines
  • anemia: chronic disease, blood loss, bone marrow invasion, hemolysis
18
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Immune mediate, hemangiosarcoma (DIC)

19
Q

Gastric mast cell tumors

A

Histamine release, ulcerations

20
Q

What are hallmarks of cancer?

A
  • avoiding immune destruction
  • evading growth suppressors
  • enabling replicative immortality
  • tumor promoting inflammation
  • activating invasion and metastasis
  • genomic instability
  • inducing angeiogenesis
  • resisting cell death
  • deregulating cellular energetics
  • sustaining proliferative signaling
21
Q

Heritable alterations

A

Progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities

  • lead to changes in cell growth, death, differentiation, DNA repair
  • altered DNA sequences (mutations) passed onto progeny
  • karyotype
  • chromosome instability
  • telomeres (protect cells from DNA damage)
22
Q

Molecular determinants

A
  • driver mutations (oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes)

- multiple changes needed for neoplasia to occur

23
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Normal genes that regulate growth

24
Q

Mutation leads to ______

A

Overexpression

  • is now an oncogene
  • cells become less responsive to inhibitory signals
25
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Genes that control cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair

- p53: regulates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis after DNA damage

26
Q

DNA damage ______ p53

A

Upregulates –> stops and slows down cell cycle

27
Q

p21 is _____

A

Upregulated = cycle arrest

28
Q

GADD45 directs _____

A

DNA repair

29
Q

BAX upregulation =

A

Apoptosis

30
Q

Carcinogenesis - chemicals

A
  • direct: effective in causing damage in the form encountered
  • indirect: require metabolic activation in the body (cytochrome p450 enzymes in the liver)
  • ex: bracken fern in cattle
31
Q

Radiation is a complete ______

A

Carcinogen

- can initiate and promote

32
Q

Virus

A

Can be oncogenic

  • feline leukemia (leukemia/lymphoma)
  • bovine leukemia (leukemia/lymphoma)
  • feline immunodeficiency (lymphoma)
  • poxviruses
33
Q

Round cell tumors are a form of ______

A

Histocytoma

  • most common skin tumor of dogs (young)
  • rapid growth, button-like, ulcerated/alopecic
  • 1-2cm wide
  • spontaneous regression
34
Q

Round cell tumor histiopathology

A

Round to oval cells

  • oval nuclei, fine chromatin
  • abundant pale blue cytoplasm, few vacuoles
  • junctional activity/epitheliotropism
35
Q

Origin of round cell tumor

A

Langerhans dendritic origin

36
Q

Cutaneous lymphoma

A

Epitheliotropic (mycosis fungoides) and nonepitheliotropic

- B and T cell

37
Q

Lymphoma characteristics

A
  • large cells
  • abundant cytoplasm
  • nucleoli visible
38
Q

Plasmacytoma

A

Benign, older dogs

  • head, feet
  • rarely functional
  • round cells, dense chromatin
  • 1-3 nuclei
  • abundant blue cytoplasm, prominent golgi zone
39
Q

Mast cell tumors

A

Nodules, well circumscribed or poorly defined/edematous

  • induce fibrosis of the skin
  • solitary or multiple
  • potentially malignant
  • older dogs
  • dermal (graded)
  • subcutaneous
40
Q

Mast cell are defined by _____

A

Metachromatic properties of the granules (eosinophils!)

41
Q

Transmissible venereal tumor of dogs

A

Direct physical spread/contact

  • cells in all tumors around the world have similar genetic and cytologic character, differ from the host (dog)
  • single tumor that disseminated to multiple hosts

Pathology (19 decks)

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