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Pathology > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A

Response of living tissue to injury

- continuous

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2
Q

What is the primary delivery system for inflammatory components?

A

Blood

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3
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Standardized reaction, early response

  • immediate vascular response
  • hours to days
  • microbes or non-infectious reasons
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4
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Alteration of an inflammatory

  • weeks to years
  • microbes or non-infectious reasons
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5
Q

What is the goal of acute inflammation?

A

Dilute toxins –> isolate –> eliminate –> repair

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6
Q

What are 4 harmful effects of inflammation?

A
  • persistent cytokine release
  • destruction of normal tissue
  • swelling
  • inappropriate inflammatory response
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7
Q

What are 2 signs of systemic inflammation?

A
  • leukocytosis

- fever

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8
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Abnormally high number of circulating WBCs

  • increased neutrophils, indicative of bacterial infection
  • increased lymphocytes associated with viral infections
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9
Q

Fever

A

Coordinated by hypothalamus and involves wide range of factors
- associated with infectious cause

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10
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  • heat: increase blood flow
  • redness: hyperemia
  • swelling: due to edema
  • pain: stretching and distortion of tissues due to edema and chemical mediators
  • loss of function: movement inhibited by pain or swelling
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11
Q

What is the first part of the acute response?

A

Swelling

- if swelling continues then inflammatory mediators come in

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12
Q

Exogenous stimuli of inflammation

A
  • microbes
  • foreign bodies (plant material, suture material)
  • injury (chemical, thermal, heat, ischemia)
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13
Q

Endogenous stimuli of inflammation

A

Autoreactive: newly developed antigens from degenerate or neoplastic cells

  • hypersensitivity rxns
  • activation of innate response
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14
Q

Innate immune response

A

Nonspecific defense

  • physical barriers
  • molecular products (secreted by epithelial cells)
  • chemical mediators from effector cells within CT of the barriers (preformed and synthesized from mast cells, leukocytes, macrophages)
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15
Q

Characteristics of acute inflammation

A
  • recognition of injury/pathogen
  • send inflammatory cells
  • send effector molecules
  • repair and heal (reparative phase)
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16
Q

Fluidic versus cellular phase

A
  • fluidic phase: microvascular exudation of electrolytes, fluid and plasma proteins (dilution)
  • cellular phase: leukocyte emigration (killing)
17
Q

How does the body recognize invaders, damaged cells, or foreign material?

A
  • cellular receptors
  • cellular sensors
  • circulating proteins
18
Q

Where are receptors located on innate immune cells?

A
  • plasma membrane (ex: TLRs, extracellular microbes)
  • cytosolic receptors (NOD-like, RIG-like, intracellular microbes)
  • endosome receptors (TLR, ingested microbes)
19
Q

Toll-like receptors

A

Numerous TLRs, each recognizes a different set of microbial molecules
- induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type 1 interferons

20
Q

TLR4

A

Recognizes:

  • LPS
  • taxol
  • F protein
  • hsp60
  • fibronectin
21
Q

TLR2

A

Recognizes:

  • LPS
  • PGN
  • zymosan
  • GPI anchor
22
Q

TLR5

A

Recognizes:

- flagellin

23
Q

TLR9

A

Recognizes:

- CpG DNA

24
Q

What are the 2 types of pattern recognition receptors?

A

PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecular patterns –> microbial structures
DAMPs: danger-associated molecular patterns –> released from necrotic cells

25
Q

Pattern recognition receptors

A

Signal cascade of events, increase transcription factors for proinflammatory components

26
Q

NOD-like receptors

A

Cytosolic receptors that recognize a diverse set of molecules to activate the inflammasome

27
Q

Inflammasome

A

Multiprotien complex

  • inflammasome induces production of IL-1
  • IL-1 recruits leukocytes
28
Q

What does the cell recognize as things needed to fix?

A
  • bacterial products
  • crystals
  • K+ efflux
  • reactive oxygen species
29
Q

C-type lectin receptors

A

Detect fungal glycans and elicit inflammation to fungi

- on plasma membrane

30
Q

Fc

A

Leukocytes express the receptors for the Fc tails of antibodies and for complement proteins

  • recognize opsonized material
  • involved in every inflammatory cascade, especially if antibodies are involved!
31
Q

Circulating proteins

A

Complement: reacts against microbes and produces mediators of inflammation

Pathology (19 decks)

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