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Agenesis, Aplasia, Hypoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major classes of disturbances of cell growth?

A
  • congenital

- acquired: after normal development

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2
Q

Growth

A

Increase in the parenchymal mass of a tissue, resulting from an increase in cell size or number, or both

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3
Q

Growth could be _____ or ______

A
  • developmental
  • response to abnormal stimulus: controlled (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia), or uncontrolled (dysplasia, neoplasia)
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4
Q

________ is necessary to maintain the tissue and the animal

A

Continued cell proliferation

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5
Q

Quantitative

A
  • increased capacity (hypertrophy, hyperplasia)

- decreased capacity (atrophy)

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6
Q

Qualitative

A

Alteration of cell form to adapt (metaplasia)

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7
Q

_____, _____, and _____ are all lack of proper growth potential

A

Agenesis, aplasia, hypoplasia

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8
Q

-plasia

A

Change in the degree of cell proliferation

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9
Q

-ophy

A

Change in the degree of cell/tissue size

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10
Q

Effects of developmental defects on various organs

A
  • in vital organs: death in utero

- in dispensable tissues (spleen, kidney): relatively normal life

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11
Q

_____ and _____ are relatively common, especially in the reproductive tract

A

Agenesis and aplasia

- especially noted in males

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12
Q

What are the 3 stages of development?

A
  • chromosomes
  • gonad
  • tubular structures
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13
Q

Gonads develop from what 4 cell populations?

A
  • germ (yolk sac)
  • mesnechyme (supporting cells)
  • coelom epithelium (steroid cells)
  • mesonephros epithelium (epithelium)
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14
Q

Agenesis

A

Without beginning

- the complete failure of an organ to develop

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15
Q

Aplasia

A

Without formation

  • the organ had a beginning, but little else
  • rudimentary nub or cord of tissue
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16
Q

______ determines development of the gonad

A

Chromosomal sex

- absence of the Y chromosome causes ovaries to form

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17
Q

Y chromosomes

A

Mullerian inhibiting substance (from Sertoli cells) causes regression of the female tract and testosterone (from interstitial cells) stimulates Wolffian duct system

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18
Q

Suppressed testosterone leads to _____ of the male tract

A

Aplasia

- affects: epididymis, vas deferens, glands

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19
Q

Defects in the testosterone target tissue receptor

A

Testosterone causes virilization of Wolffian ducts, while dihydrotestosterone induces virilization changes in the urogenital sinus and external genitalia

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20
Q

Myriad abnormalities

A

Intricate timing of many events required

- failure of normal maturation, hypoplasia, aplasia of the genitalia

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21
Q

Segmental aplasia of paramesonephric duct

A

Any part affected, little known of etiology

  • absent segments of vagina, cervix, uterus
  • cattle: absence of uterine segments may allow CLs to persist (infertility)
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22
Q

3 categories of anomalies in external phenotype

A
  • abnormal/missing sex chromosome
  • female karyotype
  • male karyotype
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23
Q

Abnormal/missing sex chromosome

A
  • XXY: Klinefelter’s

- XX/XY: chimerism

24
Q

Female karyotype

A

XY disorders

  • testis development
  • androgen synthesis defects
25
Male karyotype
XX disorders - ovary development - androgen excess
26
XX and XY disorders are also divided into _____
SRY: sex determining region of Y chromosome
27
Dysgensis
Defective development
28
Chimerism
Where animals have 2 or more somatic cell types with different chromosome constitiutions
29
Freemartins
Female twin of the male calf - vascular anastomoses allow the male calf's gene products to alter the female's phenotype - Sertoli cells, seminiferous cords in the ovaries - hypoplastic ovaries - hypoplastic/dysplastic tubular genitalia
30
Phenotypic females with masculinization
XX, DSD, SRY - - hermaphrodites - polled goats - may interfere with fertility/parturition (are usually minor)
31
XY, SRY+
Usually minor in nature (cystic remnants of ducts) | - more significant cases have a female phenotype
32
Abnormal gonad development drives _______
- phenotypic anomalies - abnormal androgen production - lack of androgen receptors
33
Androgen receptors are lacking, testosterone is present, female genitalia
- male pseudohermaphrodites - testicular feminization - XY sex reversal
34
Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome
Occurs in mini schnauzers - XY males with normal sex organs (often cryptorchid) and a complete paramesonephric system (uterus) - lack anti-Mullerian hormone or its receptor - can still be fertile!
35
Hypoplasia
Deficient formation - failure of an organ to obtain full size - found in young animals - difficult to differentiate from atrophy - may affect only part of an organ (especially tubular organs)
36
Atresia
Lack of an orifice
37
Hypoplasia/stenosis
Narrowing of lumen
38
Fistula
Sinus tract leading from one hollow viscus to another
39
Hypoplasia typically occurs ______ in development
Late - viruses, toxins that cause necrosis - genetic mutations in the embryo
40
Congenital cerebellar hypoplasia
Neonatal ataxia due to viral infection during pregnancy
41
What 3 diseases causes congenital cerebellar hypoplasia
- feline panleukopenia virus - bluetongue virus in lambs - bovine viral diarrhea virus
42
Pathogenesis of cerebellar hypoplasia
Germinal layer cells are specifically destroyed, and without their migration the internal granular layer doesn't develop = cerebellar folia are small and fail to function
43
Hereditary hypoplasia can occur in what 4 organs?
- pituitary - thyroid - pancreas - kidney * all spontaneous!*
44
Pancreatic hypoplasia in German Shepards
Malabsorption, weight loss, polyphagia, fatty feces | - succumb in early adulthood
45
Renal hypoplasia
Well documented in many species | - unilateral or bilateral
46
Auricular hypoplasia
Normal feature of some breeds - LaMancha goats (gopher and elf ears) - scottish fold cats: autosomal dominant trait, normal at birth, develop folding at 3 weeks --> may see osteodyschondroplasia
47
Teratology
Study of congenital malformations - congenital - malformations: associated with aplasia/hypoplasia - abnormal genes, viruses, toxins in utero - deletion of critical primordial cells or substances that influence gene expression during development
48
Small defects in tissues may lead to ______
Large lesions | - obstruction of fetal urinary tract leads to hydronephrosis
49
Hydrocephalus
Most common congenital CNS abnormality - in utero virus infection, abnormalities in ependyma or ventricular system, infection with blockage of CSF outlfow or parenchymal loss - lesion: stenosis of mesencephalic aqueduct
50
What 2 diseases result in hydrocephalus?
- panleukopenia virus in cats | - parainfluenza in dogs
51
Hydrocephalus pathogenesis
Obstruction --> ventricular pressure increases --> ventricles dilate --> ependyma atrophy --> CSF forced into brain --> edema --> degeneration and atrophy of brain --> expansion of ventricles
52
Hydranencephaly
Cavitary anomaly of the cerebral hemispheres due to tissue necrosis in utero
53
What disease results in hydranencephaly?
Bluetongue virus in lambs - due to vaccination of pregnant ewes - infection at 50-58 days = necrotizing encephalopathy - infection at 75-78 days = multifocal encephalitis leading to porencephaly - infection after 100 days = mild encephalitis and no malformations
54
Cyclopia
Veratrum californicum - pregnant ewes ingesting plant at 10-15 gestation - 3 alkaloids: cyclopamine, jervine, cycloposine that inhibit sonic hedgehog pathway - eyes fail to divide
55
Holoprosencephaly
Absence of midline structures leading to a proboscis with fused nasal cavities and a single eye - single undivided cerebral lobe

Pathology (19 decks)

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