Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia

A

New growth
- an abnormal mass of tissue, with excessive and uncoordinated growth that persists after the original stimulus is absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genetic and metabolic cellular changes

A

Cells fail to respond to normal control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Proliferation

A

Microscopic or gross tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tumor

A

Originally used to describe inflammation, now applies to neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Benign

A

Does not invade local tissues, still may cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Malignant

A

Invade, spread within the body (metastasis), resulting in death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Preneoplastic change

A

Stepwise progression

- change in morphology that indicates abnormal cellular content, and thus an increased chance for neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dysplasia

A

Disorderly pattern of growth

- not lined up well, different sizes, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anaplasia

A

Loss of differentiation

- neoplastic morphology par excellence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tumor types

A

Usually 1 cell of origin

- mesenchymal or epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mesenchymal suffixes

A
  • oma: benign

- sarcoma: malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Epithelial tumors arise from ______, _____, and ______

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign, from a gland, or making a tubular pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Papilloma

A

Benign, exophytic/frondose, from a skin or mucosal surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Polyp

A

Benign, smooth, bulging, mucosal surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Malignant of epithelial origin

A

Carcinoma

- nests, cords, islands of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Adenocarcinoma has a ______

A

Glandular pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

Preinvasive form, neoplasm remains within the epithelium without invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

For an epithelial cell to be malignant, what has to occur?

A

The tumor must have broken through the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Squamous

A

Tumor that demonstrates stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mucinous

A

Tumors that produce abundant mucin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Formation of abundant collagen stroma (scirrhous response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anaplastic tumors

A

Undifferentiated!

  • no morphological clue to cell of origin
  • resembles fetal tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mixed tumors

A

Multiple cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stem cell origin

A

Differentiates into various mature cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Teratomas

A

Occur in areas that have reproductive tissues

  • tumor started from completely undifferentiated cells (germ cells)
  • contains bone, CT, epithelial tissue, nervous tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What tumor type makes up 50% of mammary tumors in dogs?

A

Benign mixed mammary tumor in dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are 2 tumor like lesions?

A
  • hamartoma

- choristoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hamartoma

A

Disorganized mature cells in a normal location

- red spots on skin that are dilated, blood filled resembling hemangiomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Choristoma

A

Normal mature tissue in an abnormal site

- dermoid: patch of hair that grows out of cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Tumor characteristics

A

Can arise from any normal tissue!

  • loss of differentiation
  • unlimited proliferative potential due to continuous cell division and resistance to cell death
32
Q

____ and ____ establish prognosis and determine treatment

A

Tumor grade (degree of differentiation) and stage (extent of spread)

33
Q

Differentiation

A
  • benign: well differentiated, structure similar to tissue of origin, no anaplasia
  • malignant: poorly differentiated, tissue of origin may be unclear, variable anaplasia
34
Q

Growth rate

A
  • benign: slow and progressive, rare mitoses, normal mitoses, little necrosis
  • malignant: rapid growth, frequent mitoses, abnormal mitoses, necrosis
35
Q

Local invasion

A
  • benign: no invasion, cohesive growth, capsule present

- malignant: local invasion, infiltration, lacks capsule

36
Q

Metastasis

A
  • benign: no metastasis

- malignant: sometimes present

37
Q

Neoplastic cells lose ______

A

Mature differentiated features of cell morphology and organization

38
Q

Malignancies are ____ differentiated than benign

A

Less!

39
Q

Neoplastic changes reflect ______

A
  • high mitotic rate
  • chromosomal abnormalities
  • high metabolic activity
40
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Variation in cell size

41
Q

Anisokaryosis

A

Variation in nuclear size

42
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Variation in cell shape

43
Q

Hyperchromasia

A

Dark nuclei due to increased DNA content

44
Q

Neoplastic cells have _____ cytoplasm

A

Basophilic due to many ribosomes

  • loss of cilia and pigment
  • loss of normal architecture correlates with increased cell independence from surrounding tissues
45
Q

_____ is used to identify characteristic features of cells

A

Immunohistochemistry

46
Q

________ occurs in many cases

A

Loss of specialized functions

- exception: thyroid carcinomas, plasma cell tumors

47
Q

What 2 structures are used to distinguish between epithelial and mesenchymal?

A
  • cytokeratin found in epithelial cytoskeleton

- mylentin found in mesnechymal cells

48
Q

Proliferation

A

Neoplastic cells escape normal limits on cell division

  • independent from stimulatory/inhibitory factors
  • apoptotic signals
  • tumor growth is not exponential! –> irreversible cell cycle arrest and cell death occur within tumors
49
Q

Cell division

A

Stimuli/inhibitors from local environment

  • quiescent cells in G0
  • DNA damage –> cycle arrests at checkpoints (G1/S, G2/M)
50
Q

____ arrests cell cycle to allow DNA repair

A

p53

  • tumor suppressor
  • neoplastic cells do not respond to p53 or other signals = accumulate more mutations
51
Q

Mitotic index

A

Average number of tumor cells in a 400x field that have condensed chromosomes and lack a nuclear membrane
- used as guide to assess malignancy

52
Q

Senescence

A

Damaged cells permanently arrest in G1, a result of p53 or retinoblastoma pathways
- neoplastic cells maintain telomerase –> prevents senescence

53
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

- neoplastic cells inactivate p53, removing a pro-apoptotic pathway

54
Q

Latent period

A

Time before a tumor is clinically detectable

  • 1 cm diameter, 30 rounds of division from a single cell
  • may be developing for years
55
Q

How many divisions are required to progress from a 1 gram tumor to a 1 kg tumor?

A

10 divisions

- rapid progression!

56
Q

Transformation are altered by

A
  • cell death rate
  • mitotic rate
  • blood supply
  • immune response
57
Q

Tumor development is exemplified by

A
  • initiation
  • promotion
  • progression
58
Q

Initiation

A

Introduction of an irreversible genetic change by a carcinogen (stable mutation)
- may allow a selective advantage in the cell

59
Q

Promotion

A

Stimuli (promoters) cause the growth of the initiated cells

  • benign tumor
  • promoters are non-mutagenic
60
Q

Progression

A

Benign tumors become malignant

  • complex process of genetic and epigenetic changes in the tumor cells
  • genetic instability and tumor heterogeneity
61
Q

Tumors are believed to derive from _____

A

A single cell (clonal)

  • each new mutation leads to a subclone of tumor cells
  • subclones are selected for increased malignancy (high proliferative rate, evasion of immune response, angiogenesis), clonal selection
62
Q

Stroma

A 
Connective tissues (collagen, proteins, glycoprotein, vessels, fibroblasts, immune cells)
- amount of stroma varies in tumors
63
Q

Stroma of epithelial tumors is often derived from _______

A

Normal mesenchymal cells

64
Q

Stroma of mesenchymal tumors is produced by the _____

A

Neoplasm

- osteosarcomas produce bone

65
Q

Stroma may form a _____ around the tumor to limit spread

A

Capsule

66
Q

Stromal interactions

A
  • complex: exchange of many factors that modulate growth

- extensive fibrosis reaction (desmoplasia) is referred to as a scirrhous response

67
Q

Without new vessels, tumor size is limited to_____

A

2mm

68
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Vessel development

  • recruitment of endothelial cells, migration, maturation
  • vessels are tortuous, irregular, unstable, leaky
  • structure and function in tumors is abnormal
69
Q

_____ and _____ can recognize tumor antigens and destroy neoplastic cells

A

Innate system (NK cells, macrophages) and the adaptive system (lymphocytes)

70
Q

Metastasis

A

Defining characteristic of malignancy, cells develop ability to spread to distant sites, forming additional masses

  • cause of cancer related to mortality
  • via lymphatics, blood vessels, direct dissemination
  • inefficent
71
Q

What must occur for metastasis to happen?

A
  • BM penetration via proteases
  • intravasation: penetration of epithelium and access vessel lumen
  • embolisation: attack by leukocytes = tumor cell death
  • platelet attachment: protective of cancer cells
  • extravasation into tissues
72
Q

Mesenchymal cells prefer to travel in the _____

A

Blood

- if in GIT –> portal vein –> liver

73
Q

Epithelial cells prefer to travel in the _____

A

Lymphatics

- goes to venous blood –> heart –> lungs (#1 place for metastasis)

74
Q

The site of metastasis is determined by ______

A

Cells ability to interact with endothelial cells and ECM

  • suitable site for growth
  • many tumors have preferred sites for metastasis
75
Q

Lymphatic spread

A

Carcinomas, especially thru lymph nodes

  • those closest to tumor are affected first
  • not a stepwise process! nodes can be bypassed
  • mets to local lymph node indicate systemic spread
76
Q

Hematogenous spread

A

Sarcomas, especially veins (thinner walls)

  • reach vena cava, heart = mets to the lungs
  • portal vein invasion = mets to the liver
  • ex: malignant pheochromocytomas commonly invade vena cava
77
Q

Transcoelomic spread

A

Cancers that arise from visceral tissue surfaces

  • few barriers to spread
  • mesothelioma
  • carcinomatosis
  • ex: canine ovarian, pancreatic, and lung carcinomas

Pathology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions