resilience and indiv diff in early childhood prosocial dev Flashcards
what did piaget state about children under 5
that they are premoral
who disagreed with piagets stance of premoral children before age 5
eisenberg
when is early childhood
infancy to 5yrs
if a child is asked to help is this prosocial
no
what pre requisite skills do children need to dev to show prosocial behaviours
fine and gross motor skills: be able to actively share or engage with another social partner to comfort them
language dev: be able to voice comfort or encouragement
early childhood as a period in the lifespan
-childhood is longer in humans than other species
-we are less competent for longer, maybe bc of cost of having to be born so early due to large head size
what does longer childhood allow for
extended dev of intergenerational transmission of culture, knowledge and skills
dev of key pre requisite skills
crawling (9 months)
stand and walk (12 months)
first word (12 months)
what do warneken and tomasello 2006 describe prosocial behaviour as
evolutional ancient instinct
warneken and tomasello 2009 study
-cross sectional design
-consistent behaviour
-young children engaged in spontaneous helping behaviour even when costly e.g stopping playing to help adult
-having parents present or rewards did NOT make a diff to rate of prosociality
evidence of prosocial behaviour in toddlers
toddlers from 14 months helped a stranger e.g handing objects out of reach, moving obstacles etc
-also seen in chimps, they help their own species in varied ways
what do studies show prosocial behaviour is
spontaneous, common and done even when there is a cost to child
-goes against piagets assumption that children under 5 are egocentric
-warneken argues biology and culture work together and children have a predisposition to helping
who are young children prosocial to
spinrad and stifter 2006
-18 month old with either baby doll, stranger or mother
-social partner showed signs of distress
-measured pp signs of empathetic personal distress and prosocial comforting behaviours
-empathic distress predicted later prosocial comforting
-child most prosocial to mother, less to stranger
-child prosocial towards baby doll
study for indiv diff in prosocial b
Liew et al 2011
-longitudinal (18m-7yrs)
-looked into fearfulness and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA): psychological marker for self regulation, higher RSA = better able to cope with stress
RESULTS
–higher temperamental fear predicted higher personal distress = low helping behaviour
–RSA resting rate pos predicted helping b
–those with high fearfulness and low emotion regulation more likely to experience personal distress when viewing others in distress and use avoidance rather than empathy based prosocial behaviour
parenting influences on prosocial b
-empathy likely stems from indiv diff in temperament but also from parenting e.g modelling
-authoritative parenting
–child centred, emotionally available, warm parenting
–give explanations, causes, consequences of others emotions
–just enough arousal so unwanted b are addressed but not punitive and doesnt overly arouse/distress child
–positively associated with sympathy and prosociality
