bullying Flashcards
what is bullying
form of agg behaviour where someone intentionally and repeatedly causes injury or discomfort to another
-diff forms of bullying
-imbalance of power
prevelance of bullying
-hard to study, victims often dont speak up and neither do bullies
-reports rely on parents/teachers which can be inaccurate
-5% children are regular/severe bullies
-10% children in UK are regular/severe victims of bullying
gender and bullying
-boys more likely to be bullies, victims and not speak up about bullying compared to girls
what are the 5 types of bullying
1.physical: physical force or actions against someone
2.verbal: words with intention of hurting someone
3.social: happens behind someones back to harm social reputation
4.cyber: technology to intentionally harm someone often via social media (livingstone and smith 2014)
5.prejudicial: targeting someone bc of group they are in e.g religion, gender, sexual orientation
what are proactive victims
-oppositional
-high tempered
-restless
-inclined to fight back
-involved in various fighting situations
what are passive victims of bullying
children who are
-socially withdrawn
-sedentary
-physically weak
-reluctant to fight back
-do not defend themselves
LT consequences of bullying
-Losen 2012: dep and anxiety predicted in adulthood by being victim of bullying
-bullying associated with offending and violence in adulthood
-lower educational attainment for bullies and victims
-overall poorer health, wealth and social relationships for bullies and victims
how to create a non agg environment to control bullying
-remove agg toys
-provide enough space for children to play
-provide enough toys to reduce competition over scarce resources
how to teach agg does not result in desired outcome to reduce bullying
-ignore behaviour, give no attention
-time out
-help children with controlling emotions
-reinforce prosocial behaviours
-seek non agg solutions to conflict
origins of agg
Reebye 2005
pathway 1: indiv factors = environment, gender, temperament
pathway 2: disturbed family dynamics = presence/absence siblings/parents, parenting practices
pathway 3: exposure to violence = children exposed to trauma more likely to be agg
pathway 4: living in violent neighbourhoods = greater risk of agg
pathway 5: attachment = disorganised disorientated insecure attachments associated with higher agg
pathway 6: medical syndromes = adhd, tourettes etc can increase agg
pathway 7: neurodevelopmental pathways can increase agg
pathway 8: psychodynamic model = child may not be agg but parent may perceive them as so and adapt their interactions with child accordingly (self diagnosis)
what school based interventions can be put in place
-classroom activities e.g reading, drama, workshops to develop empathy skills
-peer support systems
-assertiveness training = providing non passive, non agg techniques for potential victims of bullying
-reactive strategies = sanctions or restorative practice for bullying behaviour
-parents/carers = encourage communication with school and parents
what does research show about school interventions
-can be effective
-does not change behaviour but can alter attitudes and intentions
-program more effective for older children
-more successful at targeting 1 specific type of behaviour at a time
what are social cog interventions
-for older children/teenagers
-aim to regulate anger
-teach how to emphathise, take others perspectives
-generate non agg solutions to conflict
family interventions consist of…
1.parenting skills for effective child management techniques
2.fostering social skills in children to prevent them from rejection from peers
3.providing academic remediation to keep children at grade level
parenting style and agg
authoritative: pos role in psychological behaviour in children, less agg and less neg behavioiurs
authoritarian and uninvolved: agg and neg behaviours in children
