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PSY212 developmental psychology > cognitive neuroscience of ageing > Flashcards

cognitive neuroscience of ageing Flashcards

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1
Q

at what age is the brain fully developed

A

early 20s

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2
Q

at what age is volume loss seen in brain

A

from young adulthood

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3
Q

main parts of nerve cell

A

dendrite
axon
soma

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4
Q

process of action potential in a nerve cell

A

inside of cell at rest is neg, if stimulus is good strength it alters balance of ions reaching threshold so action potential travels to pre synaptic terminal

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5
Q

what does action potential cause

A

release of neurotransmitters to synaptic cleft
exitatory or inhibitory (increase or supress)

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6
Q

how is the brain divided

A

according to structural similarity of neighbouring cells called brodmann’s area

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7
Q

what does it mean by saying brodmann’s area was given functional relevance

A

instead of BA4, primary motor cortex is said instead

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8
Q

what is the gyri and sulci

A

gyri = peak
sulci = trough

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9
Q

what are the tissue types in brain

A

white matter = connections
grey matter = destinations/activity
CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

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10
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

not a lobe
-movement and balance

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11
Q

function of:
frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe

A

frontal = executive hub, decisions
temporal = memory
parietal = attention
occipital = vision

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12
Q

what does cortical and subcortical mean in the brain

A

cortical = superficial
subcortical = deep

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13
Q

anatomical terms:
anterior
posterior
superior
inferior
dorsal
ventral
rostral
caudal

A

anterior = front
posterior = behind
superior = above
inferior = below
dorsal = above, anterior posterior axis
ventral = below, anterior posterior axis
rostral = to front, frontal cortex
caudal = to back, occipital cortex or brain stem

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14
Q

what are the methodologies looking at the neuroscience of ageing

A

PET = positron emission tomography
MRI = magnetic resonance imaging
FMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging
DWI = diffusion weighted imaging

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15
Q

how do PET, MRI, FMRI and DWI work

A

PET = shows area of high glucose activity in diff regions

MRI = mm precision and detail

FMRI = shows active regions in specific tasks by looking at metabolic demands (areas with most O2)

DWI = white matter tracks by observing H+ molecules, shows where things happen not when

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16
Q

brain shrinkage and ventricular expansion in older adults

A

-brain shrinkage and ventricular expansion seen and replaced by CSF
-approx 3% expansion per year in older adults

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17
Q

grey matter and white matter decline research

A

sullivan et al 2004
-grey matter decline is fairly linear until age 70/80 yrs
-white matter declines after about 45yrs

18
Q

what does it mean if white and grey matter decline

A

white matter decline: decline in myelin sheath, slower processing so higher RT

grey matter decline: loss of vol and scope for activation, less available resources to perform cog functions e.g difficulty processing high cog loads and more demand on WM

19
Q

what is dopamine

A

a neuromodulator that regulates neurochemicals like GABA

provides evidence for chemical change in older adults

20
Q

what are the key regions associated with dopamine

A

striatum (connections with limbic system and frontal regions explaining links with abnormal emotional disorders)

21
Q

dopamine in older age

A

reduced binding due to less dopamine from age 50

22
Q

decreased dopamine research

A

seeman 1987
- 2-3% decline per decade after age 20

23
Q

what issues does having less dopamine cause

A

-problems with brain network dynamics and failure to activate task specific regions and deactivate irrelevant ones

24
Q

what is an issue and solution for FMRIs

A
  • looks at haemodynamics and cant do this so well with thickened blood vessels that are seen in older adults
    e.g tsvetanov 2015: thought they had detected change in brain activity but it was actually change in blood properties

solution: study neurons directly NOT properties of blood by using EEG, MEG etc

25
Q

what does GABA stand for

what does GABA show

GABA and old age

A

GABA = gamma aminobutyric acid (primary inhibitory neurotransmitter)

-shows neurochemical changes that take place

-Gao et al 2013: 5% decline per decade of life
-inability to filter out irrelevant items: larger N100 for irrelevant stimuli meaning less able to filter out distractors
-inability to select correct response: RT time delay, increase by 1.5ms per year
-deficits in multisensory integration (Freiherr et al 2013) = not able to distinguish between diff sources e.g crossing busy road

26
Q

visual perception in older adults

A

-amount of light entering retina of 60yr old is 1/3 the amount of a 20yr old
-means slower search rates through visual displays

27
Q

what are the 3 pathways for visual info

A

dorsal stream = where something is (occipital – parietal – frontal lobe)

ventral stream = what object is (occipital – temporal – frontal)

28
Q

age and activity in visual regions and why increase in visual regions

A

decline in activation of visual cortical regions although increase in prefrontal activation

perhaps increase in prefrontal regions as decline in visual processing means frontal cortex must work harder

29
Q

memory processes research in older adults

A

Morcom et al 2003
-pp: 21-68 yrs
-FMRI to look at brain activation in line with word judgement task
-recognition memory tested after 10 or 30 min delay
-in older adults we see more bilateral frontal activity

30
Q

working memory and older adults

what occurs during encoding and retrieval

A

-task complexity produces greater age differences
-vulnerability of memory due to loss of distractor inhibition

-encoding: irrelevant material enters WM decreasing space for relevant material
-retrieval: finding correct response is harder, many competing possibilities

-WM uses greater bilateral prefrontal activation
-overlap of activation in verbal and spatial areas in older people, these should be encoded separately in young adults

31
Q

examples of hemispheric specialisation in healthy younger adults

A

verbal - L
spatial - R

encoding - L
retrieval - R

recall - L
recognition - R

32
Q

hemispheric specialisation in older adults

A

less of this, more bilateral activation

33
Q

what causes reduction in specialisation with age

A

driven by decline in function
-activity in one hemisphere limits harmful inter hemispheric influence
-age related decline in hemispheric inhibition = failure to inhibit opposite hemisphere/irrelevant input, decline in normal competition between hemispheres
-integrity of corpus callosum decreases with age

34
Q

how does reducing specialisation with age protect function

A

-cooperation between regions = compensation
-better to work tog when demand is high and resources low
-to counteract decline older adults use both hemispheres rather than dominant one
-if this was the case we would expect to see increased performance as all resources are being pulled together

35
Q

research for bilateral activation in older adults

A

cabeza et al 2002: older adults that perform well have bilateral activation

36
Q

what are the 4 major models of brain ageing

A

PASA
HAROLD
CRUNCH
STAC

37
Q

what is PASA

A

posterior anterior shift in ageing (grady et al 1994)
-brain reduces activity in posterior regions and shifts dominance to anterior regions

38
Q

what is HAROLD

A

hemispheric asymmetry reduction in OLD age (cabeza 2002)
-aims to counteract decline rather than being caused by it (compensation)

39
Q

what is CRUNCH

A

compensation related utilisation of neural circuits hypothesis
-reuter lorenz and cappell 2008: pre frontal over activation represents narrowing of focus to support most specific process

40
Q

what is STAC

A

scaffolding theory of ageing and cognition
-Park and reuter lorenz 2009: age related reorganisation indicates formation of alternate goal oriented neural circuits to compensate grey matter volume loss

41
Q

what can be done to mediate neg impact

A

colcombe and kramer 2003
-aerobic exercise supports executive function in ages 55-79
-normal patterns of decline can be altered in accordance with fitness levels

resnick et al 2001/2003
-grey matter loss mediated in healthy indivs
-declines in white matter decrease in the super healthy

PSY212 developmental psychology (23 decks)

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