Research14

Question 1

What are some of the difficulties with qualitative research?

Answer 1

it’s time consuming and training is typically limited in education programs

Question 2

What are some of the reasons for students and clinicians to understand qualitative research?

Answer 2

to be able to understand professional literature that includes it, to be able to carry out qualitative research, and because many of the methods of qualitative research are also methods of everyday clinical practice

Question 3

What are the assumptions of the qualitative paradigm (presented first in chapter 6)?

Answer 3

1. the world consists of multiple constructed realities, 2. the investigator and the subject are interdependent, 3. knowledge is time and context dependent, 4. it is impossible to distinguish cause from effect, 5. inquiry is value bound

Question 4

What are some of the types of qualitative designs?

Answer 4

Case study, ethnography, phenomenology, and grounded theory

Question 5

How is a case study defined?

Answer 5

not a methodological choice, but a choice of what is to be studied; has boundaries that define the limits of the inquiry

Question 6

What is the purpose of ethnography?

Answer 6

to describe a culture; requires that the researcher describe the culture from the perspective of an insider

Question 7

In relation to ethnography, who is a participant-observer?

Answer 7

an outsider that immerses themselves in a new culture so that they can participate in and experience what it means to be within the culture

Question 8

What is the purpose of the phenomenological approach in qualitative research?

Answer 8

to focus on the “ways in which ordinary members of society attend to their everyday lives”

Question 9

What do ‘grounded theory’ methods consist of?

Answer 9

consist of systematic inductive guidelines for collecting and analyzing data to build middle-range theoretical frameworks that explain the collected data

Question 10

What are the four types of observational roles in qualitative research?

Answer 10

a complete participant, participant-as-observer, observer-as-participant, and complete observer

Question 11

What is a complete participant?

Answer 11

researcher is a full, legitimate member of the setting being studied

Question 12

What is the participant-as-observer model?

Answer 12

researcher assumes limited memberships roles within a community for the purpose of conducting the research

Question 13

What is the observer-as-participant model?

Answer 13

researcher does not assume membership roles within the community; brief contact

Question 14

What is the complete observer model?

Answer 14

the researcher assumes the role of the “objective observer” who does not change the situation being observed

Question 15

What are some of the ethical issues associated with observation in qualitative research?

Answer 15

may result in the inclusion of information about the behavior of members of the community who did not specifically agree to participate in the research

Question 16

What are the techniques and process of observation?

Answer 16

1. define the focus of the observation, 2. researcher must define the content focus, 3. researcher should understand the purpose of the observation

Question 17

What are ‘artifacts’?

Answer 17

any physical evidence that contributes to the understanding of the problem at hand; sometimes known as ‘material traces’ associated with the research or ‘material culture’ of the setting.

Question 18

How are the terms ‘document’ and record’ differentiated in the text?

Answer 18

documents are unofficial personal writings, records are defined as official documents

Question 19

What is the purpose of ‘data analysis’ of qualitative research? And what are three steps of such analysis?

Answer 19

to describe the conclusions in interpretive narratives that provide “thick descriptions” of the phenomenon being studied. 1. data management, 2. generating meaning, 3. verification

Question 20

What is data management?

Answer 20

the collection, storage, and retrieval of information collected within the study

Question 21

What are two keys to organization of data?

Answer 21

1. identification of the source of the data, 2. code-and-retrieve systems

Question 22

How does a researcher ‘generate meaning’?

Answer 22

noting themes, patterns, and clusters within the data, and identifying relationships among the themes and clusters; data are reduced to small components (coding), reorganized into larger components (themes), and displayed to illustrate relationship

Question 23

What are the forms of verification?

Answer 23

1. triangulation of results, 2. multiple researchers to code data independently, 3. member checking, 4. an outside researcher audit the analysis, 5. present reflexive accounts of ways the subjectivity of the researcher had an impact on phases of the study

Question 24

What are some of the methods of qualitative research?

Answer 24

sampling, data collection, and data analysis

Question 25

What form of sampling is used in qualitative research?

Answer 25

nonprobability sampling methods to identify the individuals who participate within a study

Question 26

What are the some of the forms of data collection?

Answer 26

interview, observation, and artifacts

Question 27

What are the different formats of an interview?

Answer 27

structured- oral administration of a written questionnaire, semistructured- based on predeveloped questions, but not as strict as structured; unstructured- researchers have a general idea of the topics they wish to cover, but no particular order

Question 28

What are some of the concerns with an interview?

Answer 28

1. interviewer’s vocab must match that of individual being interviewed, 2. must be sensitive to meaning of words they use, 3. must make interviewee comfortable, 4. must ensure that subjects give informed consent

Question 29

What are some of the purposes of an interview?

Answer 29

1. to gather information, 2. to give information, 3. to establish a beneficial relationship

Question 30

What are some of the techniques provided for getting information in an interview?

Answer 30

begin with one or more open-ended questions, use facilitative techniques (uh-huh, I see, etc), avoid leading questions

Question 31

What are some of the techniques provided for giving information in an interview?

Answer 31

provide a summary of what the informant appears to know (he/she will likely fill in the rest), use non-technical language, ask for questions

Question 32

What is suggested to establish a relationship during an interview?

Answer 32

to be aware of personal attitudes, values, and points of view.

Question 33

What is an ethnographic interview and how is it different from a clinical interview?

Answer 33

viewed as a series of friendly conversations” it is more open and egalitarian