Research & Stats

Question 1

Why would sample means vary in a sampling distribution

Answer 1

sampling error (which is a type of random error)

Question 2

The central limit theorem says that the sampling distribution will increasingly approach a normal shape as ___ increases, regardless of the shape of the population distribution of scores

Answer 2

sample size

Question 3

How can you reduce beta (the probability of making a Type II error)

Answer 3

increasing statistical power

Question 4

the larger alpha, the ___ the power

Answer 4

greater

Question 5

which type of test has more power (parametric or nonparametric)

Answer 5

parametric

Question 6

what type of data are needed for parametric tests

Answer 6

interval or ratio

Question 7

which is non-parametric:
t-test
anova
chi-square

Answer 7

chi-swuare

Question 8

if the population is homogeneous, does that increase or decrease power

Answer 8

increase

Question 9

Bayesian analysis combines information from data collected in the current study with what?

Answer 9

previous information about that parameter

Question 10

the extent to which it is possible to derive an accurate conclusion about the cause-effect relationship between a study’s independent and dependent variables

Answer 10

internal validity

Question 11

The extent to which it is possible to generalize that conclusion beyond the conditions of the current study

Answer 11

external validity

Question 12

Best ways to control history when it’s due to events that occur outside the context of the study

Answer 12

include more than one group
randomly assign participants to different groups

Question 13

the ____ the study, the more likely its results will be threatened by maturation

Answer 13

longer the duration

Question 14

the best way to control maturation is to

Answer 14

include more than one group and randomly assign participants

Question 15

differential selection is a misnomer because it actually refers to

Answer 15

differential assignment of subjects to treatment gorups

Question 16

statistical regression is also known as

Answer 16

regression to the mean

Question 17

to manage statistical regression, you can either not include only extreme scorers OR have more than one group and ___

Answer 17

ensure that they are equivalent in terms of extreme scorers at the beginning

Question 18

what can the solomon four-group design help with

Answer 18

testing threats

Question 19

this threatens a study’s external validity whenever participants respond differently to the independent variable during a study than they would normally respond

Answer 19

reactivity

Question 20

cues that inform participants of what behavior is expected of them.

Answer 20

demand characteristics

Question 21

what does the latin square design do

Answer 21

counterbalances treatment order

Question 22

best way to control selection-treatment interaction

Answer 22

randomly select subjects from the population

Question 23

qualitative approach with a goal “to derive a general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction grounded in the views of the participants in a study”

Answer 23

grounded theory

Question 24

gain an in-depth understanding of the “lived experience” of participants – i.e., “how they perceive it, describe it, feel about it, judge it, remember it, make sense of it, and talk about it with others”

Answer 24

phenomenology

Question 25

qualitative "method for identifying, analysing, and reporting patterns (themes) within the data

Answer 25

thematic analysis

Question 26

consists of a single baseline phase and a single treatment phase

Answer 26

AB design

Question 27

a category of single-subject design when at least one additional baseline phase is added

Answer 27

reversal or withdrawal design (e.g., ABA, or ABAB)

Question 28

begins with a baseline phase which is followed by a treatment phase, withdrawal of the treatment during a second baseline phase, and then application of the same treatment during the second treatment phase

Answer 28

ABAB design

Question 29

the independent variable is sequentially applied across different "xxx" which can be different behaviors, tasks, settings, or subjects

Answer 29

baselines - in the multiple baseline design

Question 30

what is the advantage of the multiple baseline design over the reversal designs

Answer 30

once the IV is applied, it does not have to be withdrawn

Question 31

a study that includes two or more groups of subjects, with each group being exposed to a different level of the independent variable is what category of experimental research

Answer 31

between-subjects design

Question 32

a study where each participant is exposed to some or all levels of the independent variable, with each level being administered at a different time is what category of experimental research

Answer 32

within-subjects design

Question 33

what type of experimental design is a time-series design

Answer 33

within-subjects

Question 34

a group version of the single-subject AB design and involves measuring the dependent variable at regular intervals multiple times before and after the independent variable is administered so that all participants act as both the control (no treatment) and treatment groups

Answer 34

time-series design

Question 35

a study includes at least two independent variables, with at least one variable being a between-subjects variable and another being a within-subjects variable

Answer 35

mixed design

Question 36

when a research design includes two or more independent variables, what type of design is it

Answer 36

factorial

Question 37

in a factorial design, the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable

Answer 37

main effect

Question 38

in a factorial design, the combined effect of two or more independent variables on the dependent variable.

Answer 38

interaction effect

Question 39

requires the random selection of the sample from the population, which helps ensure that members of the sample are representative of the population

Answer 39

probability sampling

Question 40

in a negatively skewed distribution, the ___ has the lowest value, the ___ the middle, and the ___ the highest

Answer 40

mean median mode

Question 41

it's easier to determine which chi-square (single-sample or multiple-sample) test to use if you substitute the word "xx" for sample

Answer 41

variable

Question 42

use this test when a study includes one independent variable that has two levels and one dependent variable that’s measured on an interval or ratio scale

Answer 42

t-test

Question 43

is used to compare an obtained sample mean to a known population mean

Answer 43

t-test for a single sample

Question 44

is used to compare the means obtained by two groups when subjects in the groups are unrelated – e.g., when subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two groups

Answer 44

t-test for unrelated samples

Question 45

is used to compare two means when there’s a relationship between subjects in the two groups

Answer 45

t-test for related samples

Question 46

is used when a study includes one independent variable that has more than two levels and one dependent variable that’s measured on an interval or ratio scale

Answer 46

one-way ANOVA

Question 47

numerator of the F-ratio

Answer 47

mean square between

Question 48

MSB includes treatment effects plus

Answer 48

error

Question 49

denominator of the F-ratio

Answer 49

mean square within

Question 50

mean square within measures variability due to

Answer 50

error only

Question 51

If the F-ratio is >1, this suggests that

Answer 51

the IV had an effect on the DV

Question 52

an extension of the one-way ANOVA that’s used when a study includes more than one independent variable

Answer 52

factorial ANOVA

Question 53

another name for mixed ANOVA

Answer 53

split-plot ANOVA

Question 54

a type of ANOVA used when the data included at least one between-subjects IV and at least one within-subjects IV

Answer 54

mixed or split-plot ANOVA

Question 55

ANOVA that is used to control the effects of an extraneous variable on the DV by including it as an IV and determining its main and interaction effects on the DV

Answer 55

randomized block ANOVA

Question 56

used to control the effects of an extraneous variable on a DV by statistically removing its effects from the DV

Answer 56

ANCOVA

Question 57

the appropriate statistical test when a study includes one or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables that are each measured on an interval or ratio scale

Answer 57

MANOVA

Question 58

correlation coefficient used when data on both variables are reported as ranks

Answer 58

Spearman rho

Question 59

correlation coefficient used when both variables are continuous and the relationship is linear

Answer 59

Pearson r

Question 60

correlation coefficient used when both variables are continuous and the relationship is nonlinear

Answer 60

eta

Question 61

correlation coefficient used when one variable is continuous and the other is a true dichotomy

Answer 61

point biserial

Question 62

correlation coefficient used when one variable is continuous and the other is an artificial dichotomy

Answer 62

biserial

Question 63

correlation coefficient used when both variables are nominal

Answer 63

contingency

Question 64

the appropriate technique when two or more continuous predictors will be used to estimate status on two or more continuous criteria

Answer 64

canonical correlation

Question 65

the appropriate technique when two or more predictors will be used to estimate status on a single criterion that’s measured on a nominal scale

Answer 65

discriminant function analysis