Physiological & Psychopharmacology Flashcards
rivastigmine (exelon)
cholinesterase inhibitor
what might be diagnosed when seizures are recurrent and unprovoked
epilepsy
neurotransmitter that is is both excitatory and inhibitory and is involved in movement, arousal, attention, and memory
acetylcholine
which type of antidepressant is most likely to induce mania
tricyclic
what type of seizures do not affect consciousness
simple partial
pemoline (cylert)
psychostimulant
Which area of the brain is essential for working memory, prospective memory, item memory, and source memory
pfc
acamprosate
reduces alcohol cravings
What is ED50
Effective Dose
the minimum drug dose that produced the desired therapeutic effect in 50% of the sample
If you have trouble learning new skills and performing previously learned skills (e.g., driving), what areas of your brain are likely damaged
basal ganglia and cerebellum
sertraline (zoloft)
SSRI
This theory predicts that there’s a logarithmic relationship between psychological sensation and the magnitude of a physical stimulus
Fechner’s law
the catacholamine hypothesis
posits that some forms of depression are caused by a deficiency of norepinephrine while mania is due to excessive norepinephrine
damage to this part of the pfc produces impaired decision-making, moral judgment, lack of insight, confabulation, social cognition (like facial emotional recognition and empathy reduction) and blunted emotional responses
ventromedial pfc
The theory that provides an an explanation of how physical arousal elicited by one event can be transferred to and intensify arousal elicited by a later unrelated event
Zillman’s excitation transfer theory
Damage to this area of the pfc can cause impairments in goal-directed behavior, concrete thinking, impaired judgment and insight, deficits in working memory, perseverative responses, disinterest, and apathy
dorsolateral pfc
Which neurotransmitter is released more when storing information in short-term memory
serotonin
What type of waves in REM sleep
beta (awake and alert)
+ theta
amitriptyline (elavil)
tricyclic
In cognitive appraisal theory, what is primary appraisal
evaluating an event to determine if it’s irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful
doxepin (sinequan)
tricyclic
Which type of sleep stage (REM or NREM) is high-voltage, slow-wave synchronized EEG activity
NREM
Which lobe is associated with tactile agnosia, asomatognosia, and anosognosia
parietal
naltrexone
reduces pleasurable effects and cravings for alcohol
the tendency of the eyes to turn inward as an object gets closer
convergence
what is another term for tachyphylaxis
antidepressant tolerance
antidepressant poop-out
they’re useful for patients who have low energy and motivation but not for those who have insomnia or are very anxious.
NDRI (bupropion)
what type of hypertension is diagnosed when the physiological cause of the HBP is unknown
primary hypertension / essential hypertension
an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness by destroying ACh receptors at neuromuscular junctions
myasthenia gravis
donepezil (aricept)
cholinesterase inhibitor
Damage to which lobe can produce certain types of apraxia
parietal
What part of the peripheral NS is responsible for voluntary actions
somatic NS
This theory says that perception of a stimulus is the outcome of both sensory and decision-making processes
signal detection theory
what type of seizures can change consciousness and can begin with an aura
complex partial
These drugs increase attention and concentration and reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity
psychostimulants
In contrast to other theories of emotion, which theory says that physiological arousal follows cognitive appraisal
Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal theory
nortiptyline (pamelor)
tricyclic
damage to this area can cause anterograde and retrograde amnesia
thalamus
What is the transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep and what type of waves
NREM Stage 1
alpha
what is it called when a blockage of an artery for less than five minutes causes temporary symptoms
transient ischemic stroke
a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter and is involved in motor control, memory, mood, anxiety, arousal, and sleep
GABA
As the night progresses, the duration of XX sleep increases and XX decreases
REM
NREM Stages 3 and 4
What areas, primarily, degenerate in Huntington’s disease
the caudate nucleus and putamen
type of processing that begins with the brain’s use of preexisting knowledge and expectations to interpret incoming sensory information
top-down / concept-driven
tacrine (cognex)
cholinesterase inhibitor
what drugs are used to slow the progression of alzheimer’s
cholinesterase inhibitors and an NMDA receptor antagonist
imipramine (tofranil)
tricyclic
what type of memory formation depends on RNA synthesis
long-term memory formation
propanolol (inderal)
beta-blocker
When do most people experience the most recovery from TBI
the first three months, with substantial additional improvement during the first year
If you have the same level of recall for emotional and nonemotioanl experiences, what area might be damaged
amygdala
amphetamine-dextroamphetamine
adderall
which part of the brain is involved in memory processing
thalamus
What area is implicated in Parkinson’s disease
degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra
clozapine (clozaril)
second gen antipsychotic
This theory of emotion:
physiological arousal
THEN a cognitive label is applied to the arousal
= emotional experience
Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor Theory
this part of the pfc is involved in goal-directed behavior, decision-making, memory, motor inhibition, and emotion regulation
ventrolateral pfc
These areas are essential for procedural memories and other implicit memories
basal ganglia and cerebellum
Gertsmann’s syndrome involves left-right disorientation, finger agnosia, agraphia, and acalculia and occurs where
left parietal lobe
tranylcypromine (parnate)
MAOI
what med doesn’t produce the pleasurable effects of heroin, but it does reduce the craving for heroin and withdrawal symptoms.
methadone
What is the risk of combining an SSRI with a MAOI, lithium, or St Johns wort
serotonin syndrome
This theory proposes that the experience of an emotion and physiological arousal occur together when an environmental stimulus causes the thalamus to simultaneously send signals to the cerebral cortex and SNS
Cannon-Bard
Which lobe is wernicke’s area in?
temporal
neurotransmitter that serves both excitatory and inhibitory functions and contributes to movement, personality, mood, sleep, motivation, and reward
dopamine
what is the only fda-approved antipsychotic for treatment-resistant schizophrenia
clozapine
inability to express or understand variations in rhythm, pitch, timing, and loudness of speech used to convey emotional information
aprosodia
the type of memory for what happened in the past
item memory
What was removed in HM’s surgery
hippocampus
amygdala
medial temporal lobe
In cognitive appraisal theory, what is secondary appraisal
when the person determines that the event is stressful and involves identifying coping optiosn and likelihood that they will adequately deal with the event
this theory predicts that the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is a constant proportion, regardless of the intensity of the stimulus
Weber’s law
bupropion (Wellbutrin)
NDRI
this occurs when there is a blockage in a cerebral artery that is due to a blood clot that developed in the heart or elsewhere in the body and traveled through the bloodstream to the brain
an ischemic, embolic stroke
which type of TBI tend to cause more damage (open or closed?)
closed
What area of the brain, when damaged, produces a catastrophic reaction (depression, anxiety, fear, paranoia)
left (dominant) cerebral cortex