Physiological & Psychopharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
rivastigmine (exelon)
A
cholinesterase inhibitor
2
Q
what might be diagnosed when seizures are recurrent and unprovoked
A
epilepsy
3
Q
neurotransmitter that is is both excitatory and inhibitory and is involved in movement, arousal, attention, and memory
A
acetylcholine
4
Q
which type of antidepressant is most likely to induce mania
A
tricyclic
5
Q
what type of seizures do not affect consciousness
A
simple partial
6
Q
pemoline (cylert)
A
psychostimulant
7
Q
Which area of the brain is essential for working memory, prospective memory, item memory, and source memory
A
pfc
8
Q
acamprosate
A
reduces alcohol cravings
9
Q
What is ED50
A
Effective Dose
the minimum drug dose that produced the desired therapeutic effect in 50% of the sample
10
Q
If you have trouble learning new skills and performing previously learned skills (e.g., driving), what areas of your brain are likely damaged
A
basal ganglia and cerebellum
11
Q
sertraline (zoloft)
A
SSRI
12
Q
This theory predicts that there’s a logarithmic relationship between psychological sensation and the magnitude of a physical stimulus
A
Fechner’s law
13
Q
the catacholamine hypothesis
A
posits that some forms of depression are caused by a deficiency of norepinephrine while mania is due to excessive norepinephrine
14
Q
damage to this part of the pfc produces impaired decision-making, moral judgment, lack of insight, confabulation, social cognition (like facial emotional recognition and empathy reduction) and blunted emotional responses
A
ventromedial pfc
15
Q
The theory that provides an an explanation of how physical arousal elicited by one event can be transferred to and intensify arousal elicited by a later unrelated event
A
Zillman’s excitation transfer theory
16
Q
Damage to this area of the pfc can cause impairments in goal-directed behavior, concrete thinking, impaired judgment and insight, deficits in working memory, perseverative responses, disinterest, and apathy
A
dorsolateral pfc
17
Q
Which neurotransmitter is released more when storing information in short-term memory
A
serotonin
18
Q
What type of waves in REM sleep
A
beta (awake and alert)
+ theta
19
Q
amitriptyline (elavil)
A
tricyclic
20
Q
In cognitive appraisal theory, what is primary appraisal
A
evaluating an event to determine if it’s irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful
21
Q
doxepin (sinequan)
A
tricyclic
22
Q
Which type of sleep stage (REM or NREM) is high-voltage, slow-wave synchronized EEG activity
A
NREM
23
Q
Which lobe is associated with tactile agnosia, asomatognosia, and anosognosia
A
parietal
24
Q
naltrexone
A
reduces pleasurable effects and cravings for alcohol
25
the tendency of the eyes to turn inward as an object gets closer
convergence
26
what is another term for tachyphylaxis
antidepressant tolerance
antidepressant poop-out
27
they’re useful for patients who have low energy and motivation but not for those who have insomnia or are very anxious.
NDRI (bupropion)
28
what type of hypertension is diagnosed when the physiological cause of the HBP is unknown
primary hypertension / essential hypertension
29
an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness by destroying ACh receptors at neuromuscular junctions
myasthenia gravis
30
donepezil (aricept)
cholinesterase inhibitor
31
Damage to which lobe can produce certain types of apraxia
parietal
32
What part of the peripheral NS is responsible for voluntary actions
somatic NS
33
This theory says that perception of a stimulus is the outcome of both sensory and decision-making processes
signal detection theory
34
what type of seizures can change consciousness and can begin with an aura
complex partial
35
These drugs increase attention and concentration and reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity
psychostimulants
36
In contrast to other theories of emotion, which theory says that physiological arousal follows cognitive appraisal
Lazarus's cognitive appraisal theory
37
nortiptyline (pamelor)
tricyclic
38
damage to this area can cause anterograde and retrograde amnesia
thalamus
39
What is the transitional stage between wakefulness and sleep and what type of waves
NREM Stage 1
alpha
40
what is it called when a blockage of an artery for less than five minutes causes temporary symptoms
transient ischemic stroke
41
a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter and is involved in motor control, memory, mood, anxiety, arousal, and sleep
GABA
42
As the night progresses, the duration of XX sleep increases and XX decreases
REM
NREM Stages 3 and 4
43
What areas, primarily, degenerate in Huntington's disease
the caudate nucleus and putamen
44
type of processing that begins with the brain's use of preexisting knowledge and expectations to interpret incoming sensory information
top-down / concept-driven
45
tacrine (cognex)
cholinesterase inhibitor
46
what drugs are used to slow the progression of alzheimer's
cholinesterase inhibitors and an NMDA receptor antagonist
47
imipramine (tofranil)
tricyclic
48
what type of memory formation depends on RNA synthesis
long-term memory formation
49
propanolol (inderal)
beta-blocker
50
When do most people experience the most recovery from TBI
the first three months, with substantial additional improvement during the first year
51
If you have the same level of recall for emotional and nonemotioanl experiences, what area might be damaged
amygdala
52
amphetamine-dextroamphetamine
adderall
53
which part of the brain is involved in memory processing
thalamus
54
What area is implicated in Parkinson's disease
degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra
55
clozapine (clozaril)
second gen antipsychotic
56
This theory of emotion:
physiological arousal
THEN a cognitive label is applied to the arousal
= emotional experience
Schachter and Singer's Two-Factor Theory
57
this part of the pfc is involved in goal-directed behavior, decision-making, memory, motor inhibition, and emotion regulation
ventrolateral pfc
58
These areas are essential for procedural memories and other implicit memories
basal ganglia and cerebellum
59
Gertsmann's syndrome involves left-right disorientation, finger agnosia, agraphia, and acalculia and occurs where
left parietal lobe
60
tranylcypromine (parnate)
MAOI
61
what med doesn’t produce the pleasurable effects of heroin, but it does reduce the craving for heroin and withdrawal symptoms.
methadone
62
What is the risk of combining an SSRI with a MAOI, lithium, or St Johns wort
serotonin syndrome
63
This theory proposes that the experience of an emotion and physiological arousal occur together when an environmental stimulus causes the thalamus to simultaneously send signals to the cerebral cortex and SNS
Cannon-Bard
64
Which lobe is wernicke's area in?
temporal
65
neurotransmitter that serves both excitatory and inhibitory functions and contributes to movement, personality, mood, sleep, motivation, and reward
dopamine
66
what is the only fda-approved antipsychotic for treatment-resistant schizophrenia
clozapine
67
inability to express or understand variations in rhythm, pitch, timing, and loudness of speech used to convey emotional information
aprosodia
68
the type of memory for what happened in the past
item memory
69
What was removed in HM's surgery
hippocampus
amygdala
medial temporal lobe
70
In cognitive appraisal theory, what is secondary appraisal
when the person determines that the event is stressful and involves identifying coping optiosn and likelihood that they will adequately deal with the event
71
this theory predicts that the just noticeable difference for a stimulus is a constant proportion, regardless of the intensity of the stimulus
Weber's law
72
bupropion (Wellbutrin)
NDRI
73
this occurs when there is a blockage in a cerebral artery that is due to a blood clot that developed in the heart or elsewhere in the body and traveled through the bloodstream to the brain
an ischemic, embolic stroke
74
which type of TBI tend to cause more damage (open or closed?)
closed
75
What area of the brain, when damaged, produces a catastrophic reaction (depression, anxiety, fear, paranoia)
left (dominant) cerebral cortex
76
citalopram (Celexa)
SSRI
77
what is buspar used to treat
anxiety
78
79
what is propanolol used to treat
anxiety, better at somatic than psychological symptoms
80
Which type of antipsychotic is less likely to cause extrapyramidal SEs but more likely to cause metabolic syndrome
second gen antipsychotics
81
What type of antidepressant are more likely to cause antidepressant poop-out
SSRIs
82
What is the stage where __ waves are interrupted by sleep spindles (sudden bursts of moderately fast waves) and K-complexes (large slow waves). Is it light or deep?
NREM Stage 2
theta
light
83
exerts its therapeutic effects by inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine at synapses
NDRI
84
Type of processing that begins with incoming sensory informatio nand continues to be perceived, interpreted and stored
bottom-up / data-driven
85
Which second gen antipsychotic can cause agranulocytosis
clozapine (clozaril)
86
lorazepam (ativan)
benzodiazepine
87
fluoxetine
SSRI
88
theory proposes that differences in emotional reactions to events are due to different appraisals of those events
Lazarus's Cognitive appraisal theory
89
haloperidol
first gen antipsychotic
90
fluphenazine (Prolixin)
first-gen antipsychotic
91
when do post-traumatic seizures usually occur after a TBI, and how are they treated
within a week, treated with anti-seizure meds
92
In cognitive appraisal theory, what is reappraisal
when the person monitors the situation and changes his/her primary and/or secondary appraisal
93
what's the most common type of focal onset seizure
temporal lobe seizures
94
desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
SNRI
95
Their therapeutic effects are due to inhibition of the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine at synapses
SNRI
96
Which theory argues that differences in emotional reactions cannot be attributed to differences in the nature of physiological arousal
Cannon-Bard
97
What is TD50
Toxic Dose
the minimum drug dose that had a toxic (effect in 50% of the sample
98
What is deep sleep and what type of waves
NREM Stage 4
delta
99
clomipramine (anafranil)
tricyclic
100
another term for relative motion of objects at a distance
motion parallax
101
What area of the brain mediates sadness
right (nondominant) cerebral cortex
102
what type of hypertension is diagnosed when HBP is due to a known disease
secondary hypertension
103
this type of medication alleviate positive symptoms primarily by blocking dopamine (especially D3 and D4) receptors and alleviate negative and cognitive symptoms primarily by blocking serotonin receptors
second-gen antipsychotics
104
secobarbital
barbiturate
105
these drugs are useful for patients with treatment-resistant depression or atypical depression, which involves reversed vegetative symptoms such as hypersomnia, increased appetite, and reactive dysphoria
MAOI
106
"the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information"
perception
107
olanzapine (zyprexa)
second-gen antipsychotic
108
This theory of emotion proposes that fear consists of a subcortical (survival) system and a cortical (conscious emotional system)
LeDoux's Two-System Theory
109
What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS part of
the Autonomic NS
110
What part of the peripheral NS transmits information from the body's smooth muscles and organs to the CNS and back
autonomic NS
111
Damage to this are of the pfc can cause impulsivity, social inappropriateness, lack of empathy, aggressive or abusive behaviors, and emotion dysregulation
orbitofrontal cortex
112
What are the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome (for responding to stress)
alarm - >SNS for fight/flight
resistance - cortisol continues at elevated levels to maintain high energy for coping with continued stressor
exhaustion - breakdown when the stressor continues without resolution
113
which artery is most often involved in a stroke
middle cerebral artery
114
delay the breakdown of acetylcholine
cholinesterase inhibitors
115
diazepam (valium)
benzodiazepine
116
What area of the brain mediates happiness and other positive emotions
the left (dominant) cerebral cortex
117
which type of antidepressant is lethal/cardiotoxic in overdose
tricyclic
118
Which type of sleep stage (REM or NREM) is low-voltage, fast-wave desynchronized EEG activity
REM
119
aripiprazole (abilify)
second-gen antipsychotic
120
In this stage of sleep ___ waves replace theta waves, and you move from light/moderate/deep to which?
NREM Stage 3
delta
moderate to deep
121
These drugs enhance GABA activity and are used as a general anesthetic and as a treatment for anxiety, insomnia, and seizures
barbiturates
122
amobarbital (amytal)
barbiturate)
123
What is the primary motor symptom in Huntington's
chorea (irregular, uncontrollable jerky/writing movements in the hands, face, limbs, and torso)
124
What part of the NS is responsible for preparing the body for action
the sympathetic NS
125
Which theory proposes that there's an exponential relationship between psychological sensation and the magnitude of a physical stimulus, varying by stimuli
Stevens's power law
126
X occurs because our two eyes see objects from two different views, and, the closer an object, the greater x gets
retinal disparity
127
This theory proposes that exposure to an emotionally salient stimulus causes a physiological reaction which, in turn, is perceived as an emotion
James-Lange Theory
128
Therapeutic index calculation in human studies
TD50/ED60
129
methylphenidate (ritalin, conerta)
psychostimulant
130
refers to drugs that are not very safe and require close monitoring because the dose that produces the desired therapeutic effect (ED50) is equal to or higher than the dose that produces a lethal or toxic effect (TD50)
What does TI =?
narrow therapeutic window
TI = / < 1
131
chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
first-gen antipsychotic
132
an excitatory neurotransmitter and contributes to movement, emotions, learning, and memory
glutamate
133
What is post-traumatic epilepsy
seizures occurring more than a week after TBI
134
a stroke that is due to bleeding that occurs when there is a rupture in the space between the brain and the membrane that covers the brain
a subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke
135
desipramine (norpramin)
tricyclic
136
inhibit the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and are used to treat hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, migraine headache, and essential tremor
beta-blockers
137
memantine (namenda)
NMDA receptor antagonist for moderate to severe alzhiemer's (glutamate regulator)
138
Which part of the nervous system transmits signals between the CNS and the rest of the body
peripheral
139
the processes that allow the body to achieve stability by adapting to change
allostasis
140
thiopental (pentothal)
barbiturate
141
disulfiram
antabuse
142
What NS is affected by biofeedback to bring usually involuntary activities under voluntary control
autonomic NS
143
this occurs when there is blockage in a cerebral artery that is due to a blood clot that developed in an artery in the brain
an ischemic, thrombotic stroke
144
what 3 types of side effects are seen with first gen antipsychotics
anticholinergic (low potency - chlorpromazine and theoridazine)
extrapyramidal (high potency - haloperidol and fluphenazine)
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
145
What stage of sleep is called paradoxical sleep because you have an active brain and physiological arousal with paralyzed muscles
REM!
146
What antidepressants have the possibility of producing hypertensive crisis with certain meds or foods containing tyramine
MAOI
147
buspirone (buspar)
azapirones
148
What type of hypertension accounts for up to 90% of cases and is known as the "silent killer"
primary hypertension
149
What are the three types of opponent-process cells (used for?)
(vision)
red/green
blue/yellow
white/black
150
which visual cues are responsible for depth perception of relatively close objects
retinal disparity
convergence
151
Can dreams occur during NREM sleep?
Yes, but they're less vivid and not common
152
what are the first-line treatment for status epilepticus
benzodiazephines (then anti-seizure if not effective or for maintenance)
153
what type of medication may be more effective for severe depression than SSRI
SNRI
154
isocarboxazid (marplan)
MAOI
155
alprazolam (xanax)
benzodiazepine
156
valproic acid (depakene)
anticonvulsant
157
what type of visual cues are responsible for depth perception of objects at a greater distance
monocular cues
(relative size, overlap/interposition of objects, linear perspective, texture gradients, relative motion/motion parallax)
158
quetiapine (seroquel)
second-gen antipsychotic
159
what is an advantage of buspirone over other anxiety meds
does not cause sedation, dependence, or tolerance
160
the most common type of stroke
ischemic
161
What type of symptoms usually show first in Huntington's?
affective (before cognitive and motor)
162
Which theory says that the experience of an emotion follows physiological arousal
James-Lange
163
What part of the brain, if damages, produces an "indifference reaction" (indifference/euphoria)
Right (nondominant) cerebral cortex
164
an excitatory neurotransmitter and is involved in arousal, attention, learning, memory, stress, and mood.
norepinephrine
165
Refers to drugs that are safer because the dose that produces the desired therapeutic effect (ED50) is lower than the dose that produces toxic effects (TD50)
What does TI =
wide therapeutic window
TI > 1
166
paroxetine (Paxil)
SSRI
167
exert their effects by inhibiting the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, with some having a stronger effect on serotonin
tricyclics
168
compared with tricyclics, what are the advantages of SSRIs
safer in overdose (less cardiotoxicity), safer for older adults, fewer side effects, similar efficacy
169
how to reverse growth suppression in children from psychostimulants
drug holidays during school breaks
170
Take a deep breath
you can do this!
171
a stroke that is due to bleeding that occurs when there is a rupture in a cerebral artery within the brain
intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke
172
venlafaxine (effexor)
SNRI
173
What part of the peripheral NS is responsible for activities typically considered involuntary
autonomic NS
174
neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory effect and plays a role in many functions including arousal, sleep, sexual activity, mood, appetite, and pain
serotonin
175
what is it called when someone doesn't consciously see a visual stimulus but has the appropriate physiological and behavioral responses
blindsight
176
What part of the NS is responsible for rest and relaxation
parasympathetic NS
177
flovoxamine (luvox)
SSRI
178
thioridazine (Mellaril)
first gen antipsychotic
179
this part of the brain is responsible for attaching emotions to memories
amygdala
180
duloxetine (cymbalta)
SNRI
181
galantamine (razadyne)
cholinesterase inhibitor
182
what type of medication exert their therapeutic effects by blocking dopamine receptors
first-generation antipsychotics
183
which area of the pfc contributes most to executive functions
dorsolateral PFC
184
carbamazepine (tegretol)
anticonvulsant
185
What part of the peripheral NS transmits information from the body's sensory receptors to the CNS and from the CNS to the skeletal muscles
somatic NS
186
risperidone (risperdal)
second-gen antipsychotic
187
phenelzine (nardil)
MAOI
188
What did HM have trouble with memory-wise:
short-term
long-term episodic
procedural
transfer of declarative information from s-t to l-t
transfer and long-term
