Organizational Psychology

Question 1

what is ordinarily the first step of a job evaluation

Answer 1

job analysis

Question 2

Hersey and Blanchard’s situational leadership theory proposes that the optimal leadership style depends on a subordinate’s ___

Answer 2

job maturity

Question 3

work or worker oriented?
type of job analysis that focuses on the tasks that must be accomplished to achieve desired job outcomes

Answer 3

work-oriented job analysis

Question 4

Which theory (x/y) says that subordinates enjoy work, are self-directed and internally motivated, and seek responsibility and that a supervisor’s role is to provide subordinates with conditions that allow them to fulfill their own goals by achieving organizational goals. ­­­­

Answer 4

Theory Y

Question 5

groups of employees who have total responsibility for and control over their own work, including budgeting, task assignments, methods for completing tasks, work schedules, employee selection and training, and performance appraisal

Answer 5

self-managed work teams

Question 6

who (m/f) is more likely to engage in management-by-exception and laissez-faire leadership

Answer 6

male leaders

Question 7

what 2 types of social power are most likely to elicit compliance from subordinates

Answer 7

reward and legitimate

Question 8

characterized by reduced job satisfaction and organizational commitment, a sense of loss of control, somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and guilt

Answer 8

downsizing survivor syndrome

Question 9

weakest effect of flextime

Answer 9

self-rated job performance

Question 10

In scientific management theory of organization, what did they believe workers are primarily motivated by

Answer 10

economic gain

Question 11

this leadership model views leadership as a decision-making process

Answer 11

Vroom-Yetton-Jago’s contingency model

Question 12

formative or summative: a structured evaluation to define the program, its participants, and potential outcomes

Answer 12

formative

Question 13

If you need to make decisions about job design or redesign, what should you perform

Answer 13

job analysis

Question 14

of the three types of commitment, __ commitment is most highly and consistently correlated with a variety of job outcomes

Answer 14

affective

Question 15

what is the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) used for

Answer 15

worker-oriented job analysis

Question 16

performance assessment where the rater rates an employee’s performance on several performance dimensions on a Likert-type rating scale – e.g., from 1 (poor performance) to 5 (excellent performance).

Answer 16

graphic rating scale

Question 17

what situational leadership style is this: high-task, high-relationship

Answer 17

selling

Question 18

formative or summative: a secondary analysis to identify any new questions or methods not previously addressed

Answer 18

summative

Question 19

this job evaluation strategy requires the rater to assign a certain percent of employees to prespecified performance categories for each dimension of job performance

Answer 19

forced distribution method

Question 20

formative or summative:
an evaluability assessment to determine if an evaluation of the program’s effectiveness is possible and practical

Answer 20

formative

Question 21

formative or summative: an impact evaluation to identify the intended and unintended effects of the program on the organization

Answer 21

summative

Question 22

type of interactional justice regarding how people are treated in interactions

Answer 22

interpersonal

Question 23

a work-oriented approach that involves having employees and supervisors develop a comprehensive list of job tasks, having subject matter experts rate the identified tasks in terms of frequency and importance, and then including tasks with high ratings in the job description

Answer 23

task analysis
(part of work-oriented job analysis)

Question 24

rating error that occurs when a rater’s ratings of an employee are affected by the performance of a previously evaluated employee

Answer 24

contrast error

Question 25

who (m/f) is more likely to have a transformational leadership style but to also provide employees with contingency rewards

Answer 25

female leaders

Question 26

Four phases of the general model of planned change

Answer 26

1. entering and contracting 2. diagnosing 3. planning and implementing 4. evaluating and institutionalizing

Question 27

involves identifying the unique and best aspects of the organization, followed by generating ideas about how to build on them”

Answer 27

appreciative inquiry

Question 28

designing a job so it provides opportunities for responsibility, challenge, and advancement and other motivator (job content) factors that increase worker satisfaction and motivation

Answer 28

job enrichment

Question 29

what situational leadership style is this: high-task, low relationship

Answer 29

telling

Question 30

what 2 types of social power are most likely to elicit commitment from subordinates

Answer 30

expert and referent

Question 31

approach to quality management … [that provides] training for employees and managers in statistical analysis, project management, and problem-solving methods to reduce the defect rate of products

Answer 31

six sigma

Question 32

In Kirkpatrick's evaluation model, what four things are evaluated in a training program, from least to most informative

Answer 32

reaction learning behavior results

Question 33

a leader is high in __ when they are task-oriented and focus on achieving performance gains

Answer 33

initiating structure

Question 34

what type of procedures can an organization use for downsizing that reduce its negative effects

Answer 34

fair clearly communicated

Question 35

aspects of performance that are not assessed by the criterion

Answer 35

criterion deficiency

Question 36

increased productivity was observed, regardless of changes made, based on attention workers received as research participants

Answer 36

Hawthorne effect

Question 37

type of job analysis: focuses on the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) that are required to accomplish job tasks

Answer 37

worker-oriented job analysis

Question 38

If you wanted to write a job description, what do you need to performe

Answer 38

job analysis

Question 39

type of interactional justice related to how information is explained

Answer 39

informational

Question 40

what situational leadership style is this: low-task, low-relationship

Answer 40

delegating

Question 41

when an organization violates the psychological contract with downsizing, what occurs

Answer 41

downsizing survivor syndrome

Question 42

formative or summative: an implementation evaluation to monitor the fidelity of the program

Answer 42

formative

Question 43

if you closely monitor the behaviors of employees and take immediate action when necessary to keep mistakes or rule violations from becoming major problems, are you active or passive management-by-exception

Answer 43

active

Question 44

of consideration and initiating structure, which leadership characteristic is more strongly associated with leader, group, and organization performance

Answer 44

initiating structure

Question 45

what type of social power: because of their knowledge and expertise

Answer 45

expert power

Question 46

formative or summative: a needs assessment to determine the needs of the proposed participants and the methods for meeting those needs,

Answer 46

formative

Question 47

formative or summative: a meta-analysis to integrate all outcome estimates and derive a summary evaluation

Answer 47

summative

Question 48

In addition to formative evaluation and summative evaluation, what two additional evaluations are included in Dessinger-Moseley's full-scope evaluation model

Answer 48

confirmative (long-term effects) meta-evaluation (ongoing to assess the evaluations' reliability and validity)

Question 49

an organizational tool that involves “a continuous process of measuring products, services and practices against major competitors or industry leaders”

Answer 49

benchmarking

Question 50

Four characteristics of transformational leadership

Answer 50

idealized influence inspirational motivation intellectual stimulation individualized consideration

Question 51

what is job maturity determined by (per Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory)

Answer 51

willingness/motivation ability to perform the job

Question 52

what type of subordinate is a delegating leader best for

Answer 52

high willingness, high ability

Question 53

component of a needs analysis that involves identifying organizational goals and determine if employee performance problems are due to a lack of training or to inadequate selection procedures or other factors

Answer 53

organizational analysis

Question 54

who is a participating leader best for

Answer 54

low willingness, high ability

Question 55

what format do project logic models most often take

Answer 55

flowchart

Question 56

in this job evaluation technique, the rater compares each employee to all other employees in pairs on each dimension of job performance (e.g., work quality, job knowledge, communication) by indicating which employee is best.

Answer 56

paired comparison

Question 57

this leadership model is based on the assumption that leader effectiveness and subordinate outcomes are determined by the quality of the interactions between the leader and the subordinate, and proposes that subordinates are treated as in-group or out-group members based on whether or not the leader perceives them as being competent, trustworthy, and willing to assume responsibility.

Answer 57

leader-member exchange theory

Question 58

which organizational theory focuses on inputs, throughputs, and outputs

Answer 58

Open-systems theory

Question 59

when raters give higher ratings to ratees they perceive to be similar to themselves

Answer 59

similarity bias

Question 60

four analyses included in a needs analysis

Answer 60

organizational analysis task (job) analysis person analysis demographic analysis

Question 61

What organizational theory says that organizations are open systems that have the characteristics of other open systems

Answer 61

Open-system theory (homeostasis, cycles, entropy)

Question 62

the human relations approach (Mayo) concluded that ___ factors were more important than ___ for motivation and productivity

Answer 62

social physical work conditions

Question 63

an early sign of what? is an increase in the time and effort put into work without an increase in productivity

Answer 63

burnout

Question 64

mall groups of employees who volunteer to meet regularly to identify problems related to quality, productivity, and other issues and discuss methods for resolving them. The employees then provide management with recommendations for alleviating the identified problems.

Answer 64

quality circles

Question 65

What type of subordinate is a telling leader best for

Answer 65

low in willingness and ability

Question 66

If you need to determine training needs for a position, what should you perform

Answer 66

job analysis

Question 67

It’s often used to establish comparable worth, which is the principle that workers performing jobs that require the same skills and responsibilities or that are of comparable value to the employer should be paid the same

Answer 67

job evaluation

Question 68

conducted specifically to facilitate decisions related to compensation

Answer 68

job evaluation

Question 69

a method of training those who will provide job assessments that includes ensuring that trainees understand the multidimensional nature of job performance and the organization’s definition of successful and unsuccessful performance and giving trainees opportunities to practice assigning ratings and receive feedback about their rating accuracy

Answer 69

frame-of-reference training

Question 70

this type of rating scale require the rater to evaluate an employee without considering the performance of other employees

Answer 70

absolute rating scale

Question 71

what two factors make intelligence a better predictor of leader effectiveness

Answer 71

low stress level directive (vs. participative) leadership style

Question 72

a component of a needs analysis that involves identifying the training needs of specific groups of workers such as older versus younger workers

Answer 72

demographic analysis

Question 73

a systematic procedure for “identifying how a job is performed, the conditions under which it is performed, and the personal requirements it takes to perform the job”

Answer 73

job analysis

Question 74

What is the process of appreciative inquiry referred to as?

Answer 74

the 4D cycle: discovery dream design delivery/destiny

Question 75

Which step of Lewin's three-step model of planned change involves implementing the desired changes to move the organization to a new state of equilibrium

Answer 75

changing (2)

Question 76

what are three individual contributors to job satisfaction

Answer 76

self-esteem affective disposition genetic predisposition

Question 77

development of this performance evaluation strategy involves having job incumbents, supervisors, and other subject matter experts identify essential dimensions of job performance and specific behaviors for each dimension that are associated with good, average, and poor performance.

Answer 77

BARS (behaviorally anchored rating scales)

Question 78

component of a needs analysis that involves identifying which employees have deficiencies that require training

Answer 78

person analysis

Question 79

three traits of hardy individuals

Answer 79

sense of control over life sense of commitment to family and work view new experiences as challenges rather than threats

Question 80

what type of social power: when they have control over punishments

Answer 80

coercive power

Question 81

If you needed to develop or identify appropriate job performance and selection measures, what should you perform

Answer 81

job analysis

Question 82

what transactional leadership strategy refers to how leaders intervene to correct mistakes or rules

Answer 82

management-by-exception

Question 83

Which theory (X/Y) says that subordinates are inherently lazy, dislike responsibility, resist change, and are concerned only about themselves and that supervisors must be directive and controlling to ensure that workers meet organizational goals

Answer 83

Theory X

Question 84

formative or summative: an outcome evaluation to determine if the program achieved its stated goals

Answer 84

summative

Question 85

type of organizational commitment: the extent to which an employee is loyal to the organization and feels obligated to stay with it

Answer 85

normative commitment

Question 86

This leadership theory is based on the assumption that effective leaders act as facilitators who help subordinates achieve their own goals

Answer 86

House's path-goal theory

Question 87

what type of social power: when they're respected and admired by subordinates

Answer 87

referent power

Question 88

formative or summative: a process evaluation to evaluate how the program was delivered

Answer 88

formative

Question 89

what type of social power is most likely to elicit resistance from subordinates

Answer 89

coercive

Question 90

if you do not closely monitor employee behaviors and take corrective action only when serious mistakes or rule violations have already occurred, are you active or passive management-by-exception

Answer 90

passive

Question 91

Lewin's three-step model of planned change

Answer 91

Unfreezing Changing Refreezing

Question 92

over time, situational leadership theory says that leaders will be required to become ___ directive and ___ participative

Answer 92

less more

Question 93

type of organizational commitment: the extent of an employee's emotional attachment to the organization

Answer 93

affective commitment

Question 94

formative or summative: cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis to assess program outcomes in terms of costs and benefits

Answer 94

summative

Question 95

when the criterion measure is affected by factors unrelated to job performance

Answer 95

criterion contamination

Question 96

what type of social power: has control over financial and nonfinancial rewards

Answer 96

reward power

Question 97

what situational leadership style is this: low-task, high-relationship

Answer 97

participating

Question 98

Which step of Lewin's three-step model of planned change involves integrating the desired change into organizational values and traditions to stabilize the new state of equilibrium and prevent regression to the prior undesirable state

Answer 98

refreezing (3)

Question 99

What does a leader match these leadership styles to in path-goal theory: directive achievement-oriented, supportive, participative

Answer 99

(matched based on the characteristics of the subordinate and their task)

Question 100

a method of both job analysis and performance assessment. It involves identifying employee behaviors that are associated with exceptionally poor and exceptionally good performance by observing employees while they work or by interviewing people familiar with the job, then checking those that apply to each employee

Answer 100

critical incident technique

Question 101

three components of burnout

Answer 101

exhaustion depersonalization and cynicism sense of inefficacy

Question 102

Which step of Lewin's three-stop model of planned change involves identifying and reducing forces that are maintaining an undesirable status quo and identifying and increasing forces that disrupt the status quo

Answer 102

unfreezing (1)

Question 103

what two OCEAN traits have the largest correlation with leader effectiveness

Answer 103

extraversion conscientiousness

Question 104

a leader is high in __ when they are person-oriented and focus on fostering the trust and respect of subordinates

Answer 104

consideration

Question 105

the fairness of the way that outcomes are communicated to workers

Answer 105

interactional justice

Question 106

what type of subordinate is a selling leader best for

Answer 106

high willingness, low ability

Question 107

type of organizational commitment: the extent to which an employee believes he or she must stay with the organization for financial reasons or because of a lack of alternative opportunities

Answer 107

continuance commitment

Question 108

of leader consideration and leader initiating structure, which is more strongly associated with subordinate satisfaction and motivation

Answer 108

consideration