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EPPP > Lifespan Development > Flashcards

Lifespan Development Flashcards

1
Q

Which of Piaget’s stages of moral development lasts from birth to 5 and involves a very limited understanding of rules and moral behavior

A

premoral

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2
Q

Babies of mothers who are rejecting or intrusive/over-stimulating are most likely to have this attachment style

A

insecure/avoidant

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3
Q

What parenting style is likely to have children who are insecure, moody, and dependent and easily annoyed

A

autoritarian

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4
Q

peak age of SIDS

A

2-4 months

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5
Q

In Marcia’s model of adolescent identity development, which status is associated with someone who has not undergone an identity crisis and are not committed to an identity

A

diffusion

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6
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage: 2nd from 1-3 years

A

autonomy vs. shame

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7
Q

In the multidimensional model of gender identity, which component refers to the degree to which the individual is satisfied with his/her gender

A

gender contentedness

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8
Q

When is industry vs. inferiority

A

6-12 years

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9
Q

When is identity vs. role confusion

A

adolescence

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10
Q

When do kids start experiencing joy, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, and fear

A

6 months

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11
Q

who and which theory of cognitive development proposes that cognitive development always occurs first on an interpersonal level and then on an intrapersonal level

A

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

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12
Q

What age is Freud’s latency stage

A

6-12 years

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13
Q

the ability to recognize that people and objects continue to exist even when they can’t be seen or heard

A

object permanence

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14
Q

when individuals actively seek experiences that “fit” their genetic predispositions

A

niche-picking

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15
Q

In Marcia’s model of adolescent identity development, which status is associated with someone who has or is experiencing an identity crisis but haven’t committed

A

moratorium

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16
Q

a language error when a child uses a word too broadly

A

overextension

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17
Q

When does stranger anxiety begin

A

8-10 months

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18
Q

Which theory says that language development is the result of imitation and reinforcement

A

learning theory

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19
Q

when is the fetal period

A

weeks 9 - birth

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20
Q

limited ability to understand that other people don’t experience things the same way you do

A

egocentrism

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21
Q

what type of genotype-environment correlation:

when a child’s genetic make-up evokes certain kinds of reactions from parents and other people that reinforce the child’s genetic make-up.

A

evocative

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22
Q

Which attachment style: seems indifferent toward his/her mother, exhibits little distress when she leaves, avoids her when she returns, and reacts to his/her mother and to a stranger in a similar way.

A

Insecure/avoidant

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23
Q

babies with mothers who have maltreated them are most likely to have this attachment style

A

disorganized/disoriented

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24
Q

Freud’s second psychosexual stage (from 1-3 years)

A

anal

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25
Q

thinking that unrelated events that occur at the same time are causally related

A

transductive reasoning

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26
Q

the belief that just thinking about something can make it happen

A

magical thinking

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27
Q

the ability to remember the actions of other people and imitate those actions at a later time

A

deferred imitation

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28
Q

for women, why do some experience more health problems after divorce

A

financial hardship

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29
Q

between the ages of 2-4 months, what sensory ability shows a decline in infants before re-emerging around 12 months

A

auditory localization

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30
Q

Genetically, what is Huntington’s disease

A

autosomal dominant

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31
Q

In terms of personality changes in adulthood, what is more likely to change (rank-order or mean-level)

A

mean-level

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32
Q

who is more similar in personality: dizygotic twins reared together or monozygotic twins reared apart

A

monozygotic twins

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33
Q

Kohlberg’s moral reasoning development - which level and what stage:
the acceptability of a behavior depends on whether or not the behavior leads to punishment

A

Preconventional: Punishment and Obedience

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34
Q

in this piagetian stage of cognitive development, children use logical mental processes to think logically about situations and engage in conservation

A

concrete operational

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35
Q

In this stage (Piaget), children start thinking about the past and future and things that aren’t in the immediate environment

A

preoperational

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36
Q

What is the fifth and final of Freud’s psychosexual stages, from 12+

A

genital

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37
Q

Which theory proposes that humans are biologically programmed to acquire language

A

nativist theory

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38
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage: 7th during middle adulthood

A

generativity vs. stagnation

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39
Q

when is the embryonic period

A

third through eighth weeks

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40
Q

When is separation anxiety most intense

A

14-18 months

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41
Q

what three types of cries do infant’s demonstrate after birth

A

hunger or discomfort
anger or frustration
pain

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42
Q

Johnson’s typology of IPV that is perpetrated by the male and female partners, one-sided, or mutual, ranging from mild to severe, but is situationally provoked, and is the most common type

A

situational couple violence

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43
Q

As age at time of marriage increases, what happens for risk of divorce?

A

decreases

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44
Q

what type of effect does exposure to toxic chemicals, drugs, or other teratogens have during the germinal period

A

all or none (either no implantation or good to go)

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45
Q

Which attachment style: fearful of his/her mother and often has a dazed or confused facial expression. A baby with this pattern may or may not be distressed when his/her mother leaves and exhibits disorganized, confused behavior when she returns and when with a stranger.

A

disorganized/disoriented

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46
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage: 6th during young adulthood

A

intimacy vs. isolation

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47
Q

What virtue is generativity vs. stagnation

A

care

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48
Q

what type of thinking and what’s it called?
the tendency to focus on one aspect of an object or situation to the exclusion of all other aspects

A

centration
preoperational stage

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49
Q

AKA proactive aggression, this behavior functions to fulfill a need or desire

A

instrumental aggression

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50
Q
A
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51
Q

What age is Freud’s anal stage

A

1-3 years

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52
Q

ability to use mental images, gestures, and words to represent people, objects, and events and engage in make-believe play and deferred imitation

A

representational thought

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53
Q

when does representational thought occur (Piaget stage)

A

sensorimotor

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54
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage: 4th from 6-12 years old

A

industry vs. inferiority

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55
Q

What two communication patterns are predictive of divorce

A

emotionally volatile = earlier divorce (frequent arguments and making up with escalating conflicts of criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling)
emotionally inexpressive = later divorce (avoid self-disclosure)

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56
Q

when do most children understand words

A

8-9 months

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57
Q

What emotions are thought to not occur until after the mirror self-recognition test

A

secondary/self-conscious emotions (e.g., embarrassment, envy, empathy)

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58
Q

Babies with mothers who are inconsistent in caregiving are most likely to have this attachment style

A

insecure/resistant (ambivalent)

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59
Q

in which Piagetian stage are children limited by transductive (precausal) reasoning and egocentrism

A

preoperational

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60
Q

What are the three levels of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning

A

preconventional
conventional
postconventional

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61
Q

This behavior is driven by anger and is done to hurt someone

A

hostile aggression

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62
Q

Who experiences an improved financial situation after divorce, typically

A

men

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63
Q

Kohlberg’s moral reasoning development - which level and what stage:
the acceptability of a behavior is whether or not it’s consistent with democratically chosen laws

A

Postconventional: morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted laws

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64
Q

what type of genotype-environment correlation?

when children inherit genes from their parents that predispose them to have certain characteristics and are exposed to environments by their parents that support the development of those characteristics

A

passive

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65
Q

Crick and Dodge’s social information processing model suggests that aggressive children tend to have what type of bias that causes them to assume a provoker had hostile intent

A

hostile attribution bias

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66
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage: final 8th stage during late adulthood

A

integrity vs. despair

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67
Q

Babies of mothers who are sensitive and responsive are most likely to have this attachment style

A

secure

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68
Q

What virtue is industry vs. inferiority

A

competence

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69
Q

what are the phases of Walker’s cycle of IPV

A

tension building
acute battering
loving contrition/honeymoon

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70
Q

When is the trust vs. mistrust stage

A

birth to 1 year

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71
Q

What virtue is associated with trust vs. mistrust

A

hope

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72
Q

When is the autonomy vs. shame stage

A

1 to 3 years

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73
Q

What virtue is identity vs. role confusion

A

fidelity

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74
Q

In the multidimensional model of gender identity, which component refers to the individual’s belief that his/her gender is superior to the other gender

A

intergroup bias

75
Q

What age is Freud’s oral stage

A

birth to 1 year

76
Q

At what age do kids start feeling shame, guilt, and pride

A

30-36 months

77
Q

Rowe and Kahn’s three-component model of healthy aging

A
  • reducing disease risk
  • maintaining high cognitive and physical functioning
  • staying actively engaged with life - connection and productivity
78
Q

which father-child relationship factor, post-divorce, has less impact on children’s outcomes than payment of child support, closeness, and reliance on authoritative parenting

A

frequency of contact

79
Q

If you view time as limited, you tend to be more ___ oriented and your primary motivation for friendship is

A

present-oriented
emotional closeness

80
Q

the ability to focus on more than one aspect of an object or situation at the same time

A

decentration

81
Q

When is a child’s brain about 80% of its adult weight

A

2 years

82
Q

In the multidimensional model of gender identity, which component refers to the degree to which the individual perceives his/her own characteristics as being similar to those of others of the same gender

A

gender typicality

83
Q

What virtue is integrity vs. despair

A

wisdom

84
Q

a language error when a child uses a word too narrowly

A

underextension

85
Q

In Marcia’s model of adolescent identity development, which status is associated with someone who has experienced an identity crisis and has a strong commitment to a specific identity

A

achievement

86
Q

when a child misapplies rules for plurals and past tense

A

overregularization

87
Q

When is Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development

A

0-2 years

88
Q

Kohlberg’s moral reasoning development - which level and what stage:
the acceptability of a behavior depends on whether or not it leads to rewards or satisfies the person’s needs

A

Preconventional: Instrumental Hedonism

89
Q

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational

90
Q

what stage includes ability for centration

A

concrete operational

91
Q

Which of Piaget’s stages of moral development goes from 5-10 and involves beliefs that rules are made by authorities and can’t be changed. Behaviors are judged based on consequences

A

heteronomous

92
Q

individuals in this piagetian stage of cognitive development can think abstractly and engage in hypothetical-deductive reasoning and propositional thought

A

formal operational

93
Q

When does stranger anxiety start to decline

A

2 years

94
Q

which experiences the greatest age-related decline:
working memory
short term memory (primary)
recent long-term memory (secondary)
remote long-term memory (tertiary)

A

recent long-term (secondary), then working memory

95
Q

Piaget: an innate drive toward a state of equilibrium between one’s current ways of thinking and the environment

A

equilibration

96
Q

Johnson’s typology of IPV that is perpetrated by both partners for the purpose of gaining control over the relationship (also the least common type)

A

mutual violent control

97
Q

of the personality traits, which is most consistently linked with a high risk for divorce

A

neuroticism

98
Q

Kohlberg’s moral reasoning development - which level and what stage:
the acceptability of a behavior depends on whether or not it violates laws and rules that have been established by legitimate authorities

A

Conventional: law and order orientation

99
Q

At what age do children’s babbling start to narrow to native language sounds and intonations

A

9 months

100
Q

Johnson’s typology of IPV that is most often perpetrated in heterosexual couples by the female partner in response to the behavior of a violent/controlling male partner

A

violent resistance

101
Q

when is the reminiscence bump

A

15-25

102
Q

Which of Piaget’s stages of moral development starts around 10/11 and involves a belief that rules are determined by agreement between people. Judgments of behavior are based on the actor’s intentions

A

autonomous

103
Q

Which theory proposes that language acquisition depends on a combination of biological and social factors, including native capacity, a strong desire to understand and be understood, and a rich language environment

A

social interactionist

104
Q

heritability estimates of intelligence (increase or decrease) with age

A

increase - genetics have a stronger role as you age

105
Q

What age is initiative vs. guilt

A

3-6 years old

106
Q

the smallest units of language that have meaning

A

morphemes

107
Q

The type of IPV perpetrated in heterosexual couples where the male partner uses violence to control his partner

A

intimate terrorism

108
Q

What virtue is initiative vs. guilt

A

purpose

109
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage:
1st from birth - 1 year

A

trust vs. mistrust

110
Q

the tendency of older adults to prefer, attend to, and remember more positive information than younger adults do

A

positivity effect

111
Q

Kohlberg’s moral reasoning development - which level and what stage:
the acceptability of a behavior is whether or not it’s consistent with broad, universally applicable general principles

A

Postconventional: Individual principles of conscience

112
Q

When is integrity vs. despair

A

late adulthood

113
Q

Freud’s third psychosexual stage (from 3-6 years)

A

phallic

114
Q

What effect does the empty nest have on marital satisfaction

A

increased for women due to increase in quality interactions with husbands (vs. quantity of time)

115
Q

Which theory of language development is Chomsky associated with and what did he call the language processor

A

nativist
language acquisition device

116
Q

What are the three stages of gender development in Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental theory

A

gender identity (from 2-3) = self-identify as b/g
gender stability (from 4-5) = consistent over time, g becomes w
gender constancy (from 6-7 +) = stable over time and situation

117
Q

How would Parten describe parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play

A

social

118
Q

during what prenatal period is exposure to teratogens most likely to cause major defects

A

embryonic

119
Q

Children of which style of parents tend to have the worst outcomes

A

uninvolved

120
Q

What age is Freud’s phallic stage

A

3-6 years

121
Q

when does temperament usually become more stable

A

3 years

122
Q

What is the virtue of autonomy vs. shame

A

doubt/will

123
Q

the inability to understand that an action or process can be reversed

A

irreversibility
preoperational stage

124
Q

In the selective optimization with compensation model of aging, which process involves narrowing goals and activities to those that of greatest interest and importance

A

selection

125
Q

Of the OCEAN characteristics, which is likely to decrease in adulthood

A

neuroticism

126
Q

The tendency for genetic make-up to restrict developmental outcomes regardless of environmental circumstances

A

canalization

127
Q

who tend to become less affectionate, consistent and more authoritarian following divorce

A

mothers

128
Q

When do babies develop near adult visual acuity

A

7-8 months

129
Q

In the selective optimization with compensation model of aging, which process involves acquiring or strengthening skills needed to achieve selected goals and activities

A

optimization

130
Q

when do children begin to use holophrastic speech

A

12-15 months

131
Q

what type of genotype-environment correlatio?

also referred to as niche-picking and occurs when children actively seek experiences that “fit” their genetic predispositions.

A

active

132
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage: 3rd from 3-6 years old

A

initiative vs. guilt

133
Q

In the selective optimization with compensation model of aging, which process involves obtaining assistance that will help achieve selected goals and activities

A

compensation

134
Q

when do children usually say their first words

A

10-15 months

135
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s level that consists of elements in the environment that affect the child’s immediate environment (e.g., parents’ workplaces, extended family, community health services)

A

exosystem

136
Q

Which attachment style: explores the room when his/her mother is present, may or may not cry when she leaves, actively seeks contact with her when she returns, and prefers her to a stranger

A

secure

137
Q

when do children start using telegraphic speech

A

18-24 months

138
Q

When does separation anxiety begin

A

6-8 months

139
Q

Kohlberg’s moral reasoning development - which level and what stage:
the acceptability of a behavior depends on whether or not it is socially approved of or liked by others

A

Conventional: “good boy/ good girl”

140
Q

What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage: 5th during adolescence

A

identity vs. role confusion

141
Q

the use and meaning of verbal and nonverbal language in different social contexts

A

pragmatics

142
Q

Per Vygotsky, the assistance provided to a child by another person is referred to as

A

scaffolding

143
Q

What are the first cues babies use for depth perception? Second? Third?

A

kinetic (motion)
binocular (steroscopic)
pictorial (static-monocular)

144
Q

Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental theory of gender identity was influenced by who

A

Piaget

145
Q

average heritability estimate for intelligence

A

.50

146
Q

What age do most children pass the mirror self-recognition test

A

18 to 24 months

147
Q

the smallest units of sound in a language

A

phonemes

148
Q

speech that children utter aloud to guide their actions

A

private speech

149
Q

What age is intimacy vs. isolation

A

young adulthood

150
Q

When is Piaget’s formal operational stage of cognitive development

A

12+

151
Q

when is the germinal period

A

conception to the end of the second week

152
Q

What neurotransmitter and where might be related to SIDS

A

serotonin in the medulla

153
Q

When is Piaget’s concrete operational stage of cognitive development

A

7-12 years

154
Q

According to Piaget, what is the motivation for cognitive development

A

equilibration

155
Q

What is the first sense to develop in utero

A

touch

156
Q

At birth, what emotions are present:

A

contentment, interest, distress

157
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s level that is comprised on the social and cultural environment

A

macrosystem

158
Q

When do brain weight and volume begin to gradually decrease

A

30

159
Q

Heritability estimates for personality

A

.40-.50

160
Q

Which attachment style: stays close to his/her mother initially, is distressed when she leaves, may be angry and resist her attempts at contact when she returns, and is fearful of a stranger even when his/her mother is present.

A

insecure/resistant (ambivalent)

161
Q

In which stage does object permanence take place (Piaget)

A

sensorimotor

162
Q

In the multidimensional model of gender identity, which component refers to an individual’s knowledge of his/her own gender

A

membership knowledge

163
Q

What age does Freud’s genital stage start?

A

adolescence (12+)

164
Q

what are the characteristics of self-defining memory

A

emotional intensity
vividness
high levels of repetition
linkage to similar memories
connections to enduring concerns or unresolved conflicts

165
Q

When is generativity vs. stagnation

A

middle adulthood

166
Q

what is the age of viability

A

22-26 weeks

167
Q

What did Piaget think was necessary for moral development

A

cognitive development

168
Q

What is Freud’s fourth psychosexual stage, from 6-12 years

A

latency

169
Q

If you view time as unlimited, you are more likely to be __-oriented, and your primary motivation for friendships is ___

A

future
knowledge-seeking

170
Q

Of the OCEAN characteristics, which are most likely to increase in adulthood

A

agreeableness and conscientiousness

171
Q

Freud’s first psychosexual stage (from birth to 1 year)

A

oral

172
Q

Who did Piaget and Kohlberg think had the most influence on childrens’ moral development

A

peers

173
Q

Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental theory of gender identity posits that gender identity development depends on what?

A

cognitive development

174
Q

Which parenting style is most likely to have children who are self-centered, immature, and rebellious with poor impulse control

A

permissive

175
Q

when does the vocabulary spurt usually begin

A

18 months

176
Q

How would Parten describe unoccupied, solitary, and onlooker play

A

nonsocial

177
Q

What two factors distinguish types of IPV

A

perpetrator’s motivation for violence
frequency of perpetration between partners

178
Q

Of the OCEAN characteristics, which are most likely to remain relatively stable or slightly decrease in adulthood

A

extraversion and openness to experience

179
Q

In Marcia’s model of adolescent identity development, which status is associated with someone who has not experienced an identity crisis and is strongly committed to an identity (accepting others’ values)

A

foreclosure

180
Q

what virtue is intimacy vs. isolation

A

love

181
Q

When is Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development

A

2-7 years

182
Q

In the multidimensional model of gender identity, which component refers to the degree to which the individual feels pressure from his/herself and others to conform to gender norms

A

felt pressure

183
Q

understanding that certain physical characteristics of an object stay the same when the objects outward appearance changes

A

conserve

EPPP (9 decks)

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