Lifespan Development Flashcards
1
Q
Which of Piaget’s stages of moral development lasts from birth to 5 and involves a very limited understanding of rules and moral behavior
A
premoral
2
Q
Babies of mothers who are rejecting or intrusive/over-stimulating are most likely to have this attachment style
A
insecure/avoidant
3
Q
What parenting style is likely to have children who are insecure, moody, and dependent and easily annoyed
A
autoritarian
4
Q
peak age of SIDS
A
2-4 months
5
Q
In Marcia’s model of adolescent identity development, which status is associated with someone who has not undergone an identity crisis and are not committed to an identity
A
diffusion
6
Q
What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage: 2nd from 1-3 years
A
autonomy vs. shame
7
Q
In the multidimensional model of gender identity, which component refers to the degree to which the individual is satisfied with his/her gender
A
gender contentedness
8
Q
When is industry vs. inferiority
A
6-12 years
9
Q
When is identity vs. role confusion
A
adolescence
10
Q
When do kids start experiencing joy, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, and fear
A
6 months
11
Q
who and which theory of cognitive development proposes that cognitive development always occurs first on an interpersonal level and then on an intrapersonal level
A
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
12
Q
What age is Freud’s latency stage
A
6-12 years
13
Q
the ability to recognize that people and objects continue to exist even when they can’t be seen or heard
A
object permanence
14
Q
when individuals actively seek experiences that “fit” their genetic predispositions
A
niche-picking
15
Q
In Marcia’s model of adolescent identity development, which status is associated with someone who has or is experiencing an identity crisis but haven’t committed
A
moratorium
16
Q
a language error when a child uses a word too broadly
A
overextension
17
Q
When does stranger anxiety begin
A
8-10 months
18
Q
Which theory says that language development is the result of imitation and reinforcement
A
learning theory
19
Q
when is the fetal period
A
weeks 9 - birth
20
Q
limited ability to understand that other people don’t experience things the same way you do
A
egocentrism
21
Q
what type of genotype-environment correlation:
when a child’s genetic make-up evokes certain kinds of reactions from parents and other people that reinforce the child’s genetic make-up.
A
evocative
22
Q
Which attachment style: seems indifferent toward his/her mother, exhibits little distress when she leaves, avoids her when she returns, and reacts to his/her mother and to a stranger in a similar way.
A
Insecure/avoidant
23
Q
babies with mothers who have maltreated them are most likely to have this attachment style
A
disorganized/disoriented
24
Q
Freud’s second psychosexual stage (from 1-3 years)
A
anal
25
thinking that unrelated events that occur at the same time are causally related
transductive reasoning
26
the belief that just thinking about something can make it happen
magical thinking
27
the ability to remember the actions of other people and imitate those actions at a later time
deferred imitation
28
for women, why do some experience more health problems after divorce
financial hardship
29
between the ages of 2-4 months, what sensory ability shows a decline in infants before re-emerging around 12 months
auditory localization
30
Genetically, what is Huntington's disease
autosomal dominant
31
In terms of personality changes in adulthood, what is more likely to change (rank-order or mean-level)
mean-level
32
who is more similar in personality: dizygotic twins reared together or monozygotic twins reared apart
monozygotic twins
33
Kohlberg's moral reasoning development - which level and what stage:
the acceptability of a behavior depends on whether or not the behavior leads to punishment
Preconventional: Punishment and Obedience
34
in this piagetian stage of cognitive development, children use logical mental processes to think logically about situations and engage in conservation
concrete operational
35
In this stage (Piaget), children start thinking about the past and future and things that aren't in the immediate environment
preoperational
36
What is the fifth and final of Freud's psychosexual stages, from 12+
genital
37
Which theory proposes that humans are biologically programmed to acquire language
nativist theory
38
What is Erikson's psychosocial stage: 7th during middle adulthood
generativity vs. stagnation
39
when is the embryonic period
third through eighth weeks
40
When is separation anxiety most intense
14-18 months
41
what three types of cries do infant's demonstrate after birth
hunger or discomfort
anger or frustration
pain
42
Johnson's typology of IPV that is perpetrated by the male and female partners, one-sided, or mutual, ranging from mild to severe, but is situationally provoked, and is the most common type
situational couple violence
43
As age at time of marriage increases, what happens for risk of divorce?
decreases
44
what type of effect does exposure to toxic chemicals, drugs, or other teratogens have during the germinal period
all or none (either no implantation or good to go)
45
Which attachment style: fearful of his/her mother and often has a dazed or confused facial expression. A baby with this pattern may or may not be distressed when his/her mother leaves and exhibits disorganized, confused behavior when she returns and when with a stranger.
disorganized/disoriented
46
What is Erikson's psychosocial stage: 6th during young adulthood
intimacy vs. isolation
47
What virtue is generativity vs. stagnation
care
48
what type of thinking and what's it called?
the tendency to focus on one aspect of an object or situation to the exclusion of all other aspects
centration
preoperational stage
49
AKA proactive aggression, this behavior functions to fulfill a need or desire
instrumental aggression
50
51
What age is Freud's anal stage
1-3 years
52
ability to use mental images, gestures, and words to represent people, objects, and events and engage in make-believe play and deferred imitation
representational thought
53
when does representational thought occur (Piaget stage)
sensorimotor
54
What is Erikson's psychosocial stage: 4th from 6-12 years old
industry vs. inferiority
55
What two communication patterns are predictive of divorce
emotionally volatile = earlier divorce (frequent arguments and making up with escalating conflicts of criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling)
emotionally inexpressive = later divorce (avoid self-disclosure)
56
when do most children understand words
8-9 months
57
What emotions are thought to not occur until after the mirror self-recognition test
secondary/self-conscious emotions (e.g., embarrassment, envy, empathy)
58
Babies with mothers who are inconsistent in caregiving are most likely to have this attachment style
insecure/resistant (ambivalent)
59
in which Piagetian stage are children limited by transductive (precausal) reasoning and egocentrism
preoperational
60
What are the three levels of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning
preconventional
conventional
postconventional
61
This behavior is driven by anger and is done to hurt someone
hostile aggression
62
Who experiences an improved financial situation after divorce, typically
men
63
Kohlberg's moral reasoning development - which level and what stage:
the acceptability of a behavior is whether or not it's consistent with democratically chosen laws
Postconventional: morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted laws
64
what type of genotype-environment correlation?
when children inherit genes from their parents that predispose them to have certain characteristics and are exposed to environments by their parents that support the development of those characteristics
passive
65
Crick and Dodge's social information processing model suggests that aggressive children tend to have what type of bias that causes them to assume a provoker had hostile intent
hostile attribution bias
66
What is Erikson's psychosocial stage: final 8th stage during late adulthood
integrity vs. despair
67
Babies of mothers who are sensitive and responsive are most likely to have this attachment style
secure
68
What virtue is industry vs. inferiority
competence
69
what are the phases of Walker's cycle of IPV
tension building
acute battering
loving contrition/honeymoon
70
When is the trust vs. mistrust stage
birth to 1 year
71
What virtue is associated with trust vs. mistrust
hope
72
When is the autonomy vs. shame stage
1 to 3 years
73
What virtue is identity vs. role confusion
fidelity
74
In the multidimensional model of gender identity, which component refers to the individual's belief that his/her gender is superior to the other gender
intergroup bias
75
What age is Freud's oral stage
birth to 1 year
76
At what age do kids start feeling shame, guilt, and pride
30-36 months
77
Rowe and Kahn's three-component model of healthy aging
- reducing disease risk
- maintaining high cognitive and physical functioning
- staying actively engaged with life - connection and productivity
78
which father-child relationship factor, post-divorce, has less impact on children's outcomes than payment of child support, closeness, and reliance on authoritative parenting
frequency of contact
79
If you view time as limited, you tend to be more ___ oriented and your primary motivation for friendship is
present-oriented
emotional closeness
80
the ability to focus on more than one aspect of an object or situation at the same time
decentration
81
When is a child's brain about 80% of its adult weight
2 years
82
In the multidimensional model of gender identity, which component refers to the degree to which the individual perceives his/her own characteristics as being similar to those of others of the same gender
gender typicality
83
What virtue is integrity vs. despair
wisdom
84
a language error when a child uses a word too narrowly
underextension
85
In Marcia's model of adolescent identity development, which status is associated with someone who has experienced an identity crisis and has a strong commitment to a specific identity
achievement
86
when a child misapplies rules for plurals and past tense
overregularization
87
When is Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development
0-2 years
88
Kohlberg's moral reasoning development - which level and what stage:
the acceptability of a behavior depends on whether or not it leads to rewards or satisfies the person's needs
Preconventional: Instrumental Hedonism
89
What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
90
what stage includes ability for centration
concrete operational
91
Which of Piaget's stages of moral development goes from 5-10 and involves beliefs that rules are made by authorities and can't be changed. Behaviors are judged based on consequences
heteronomous
92
individuals in this piagetian stage of cognitive development can think abstractly and engage in hypothetical-deductive reasoning and propositional thought
formal operational
93
When does stranger anxiety start to decline
2 years
94
which experiences the greatest age-related decline:
working memory
short term memory (primary)
recent long-term memory (secondary)
remote long-term memory (tertiary)
recent long-term (secondary), then working memory
95
Piaget: an innate drive toward a state of equilibrium between one's current ways of thinking and the environment
equilibration
96
Johnson's typology of IPV that is perpetrated by both partners for the purpose of gaining control over the relationship (also the least common type)
mutual violent control
97
of the personality traits, which is most consistently linked with a high risk for divorce
neuroticism
98
Kohlberg's moral reasoning development - which level and what stage:
the acceptability of a behavior depends on whether or not it violates laws and rules that have been established by legitimate authorities
Conventional: law and order orientation
99
At what age do children's babbling start to narrow to native language sounds and intonations
9 months
100
Johnson's typology of IPV that is most often perpetrated in heterosexual couples by the female partner in response to the behavior of a violent/controlling male partner
violent resistance
101
when is the reminiscence bump
15-25
102
Which of Piaget's stages of moral development starts around 10/11 and involves a belief that rules are determined by agreement between people. Judgments of behavior are based on the actor's intentions
autonomous
103
Which theory proposes that language acquisition depends on a combination of biological and social factors, including native capacity, a strong desire to understand and be understood, and a rich language environment
social interactionist
104
heritability estimates of intelligence (increase or decrease) with age
increase - genetics have a stronger role as you age
105
What age is initiative vs. guilt
3-6 years old
106
the smallest units of language that have meaning
morphemes
107
The type of IPV perpetrated in heterosexual couples where the male partner uses violence to control his partner
intimate terrorism
108
What virtue is initiative vs. guilt
purpose
109
What is Erikson's psychosocial stage:
1st from birth - 1 year
trust vs. mistrust
110
the tendency of older adults to prefer, attend to, and remember more positive information than younger adults do
positivity effect
111
Kohlberg's moral reasoning development - which level and what stage:
the acceptability of a behavior is whether or not it's consistent with broad, universally applicable general principles
Postconventional: Individual principles of conscience
112
When is integrity vs. despair
late adulthood
113
Freud's third psychosexual stage (from 3-6 years)
phallic
114
What effect does the empty nest have on marital satisfaction
increased for women due to increase in quality interactions with husbands (vs. quantity of time)
115
Which theory of language development is Chomsky associated with and what did he call the language processor
nativist
language acquisition device
116
What are the three stages of gender development in Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory
gender identity (from 2-3) = self-identify as b/g
gender stability (from 4-5) = consistent over time, g becomes w
gender constancy (from 6-7 +) = stable over time and situation
117
How would Parten describe parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play
social
118
during what prenatal period is exposure to teratogens most likely to cause major defects
embryonic
119
Children of which style of parents tend to have the worst outcomes
uninvolved
120
What age is Freud's phallic stage
3-6 years
121
when does temperament usually become more stable
3 years
122
What is the virtue of autonomy vs. shame
doubt/will
123
the inability to understand that an action or process can be reversed
irreversibility
preoperational stage
124
In the selective optimization with compensation model of aging, which process involves narrowing goals and activities to those that of greatest interest and importance
selection
125
Of the OCEAN characteristics, which is likely to decrease in adulthood
neuroticism
126
The tendency for genetic make-up to restrict developmental outcomes regardless of environmental circumstances
canalization
127
who tend to become less affectionate, consistent and more authoritarian following divorce
mothers
128
When do babies develop near adult visual acuity
7-8 months
129
In the selective optimization with compensation model of aging, which process involves acquiring or strengthening skills needed to achieve selected goals and activities
optimization
130
when do children begin to use holophrastic speech
12-15 months
131
what type of genotype-environment correlatio?
also referred to as niche-picking and occurs when children actively seek experiences that “fit” their genetic predispositions.
active
132
What is Erikson's psychosocial stage: 3rd from 3-6 years old
initiative vs. guilt
133
In the selective optimization with compensation model of aging, which process involves obtaining assistance that will help achieve selected goals and activities
compensation
134
when do children usually say their first words
10-15 months
135
Bronfenbrenner's level that consists of elements in the environment that affect the child's immediate environment (e.g., parents' workplaces, extended family, community health services)
exosystem
136
Which attachment style: explores the room when his/her mother is present, may or may not cry when she leaves, actively seeks contact with her when she returns, and prefers her to a stranger
secure
137
when do children start using telegraphic speech
18-24 months
138
When does separation anxiety begin
6-8 months
139
Kohlberg's moral reasoning development - which level and what stage:
the acceptability of a behavior depends on whether or not it is socially approved of or liked by others
Conventional: "good boy/ good girl"
140
What is Erikson's psychosocial stage: 5th during adolescence
identity vs. role confusion
141
the use and meaning of verbal and nonverbal language in different social contexts
pragmatics
142
Per Vygotsky, the assistance provided to a child by another person is referred to as
scaffolding
143
What are the first cues babies use for depth perception? Second? Third?
kinetic (motion)
binocular (steroscopic)
pictorial (static-monocular)
144
Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of gender identity was influenced by who
Piaget
145
average heritability estimate for intelligence
.50
146
What age do most children pass the mirror self-recognition test
18 to 24 months
147
the smallest units of sound in a language
phonemes
148
speech that children utter aloud to guide their actions
private speech
149
What age is intimacy vs. isolation
young adulthood
150
When is Piaget's formal operational stage of cognitive development
12+
151
when is the germinal period
conception to the end of the second week
152
What neurotransmitter and where might be related to SIDS
serotonin in the medulla
153
When is Piaget's concrete operational stage of cognitive development
7-12 years
154
According to Piaget, what is the motivation for cognitive development
equilibration
155
What is the first sense to develop in utero
touch
156
At birth, what emotions are present:
contentment, interest, distress
157
Bronfenbrenner's level that is comprised on the social and cultural environment
macrosystem
158
When do brain weight and volume begin to gradually decrease
30
159
Heritability estimates for personality
.40-.50
160
Which attachment style: stays close to his/her mother initially, is distressed when she leaves, may be angry and resist her attempts at contact when she returns, and is fearful of a stranger even when his/her mother is present.
insecure/resistant (ambivalent)
161
In which stage does object permanence take place (Piaget)
sensorimotor
162
In the multidimensional model of gender identity, which component refers to an individual's knowledge of his/her own gender
membership knowledge
163
What age does Freud's genital stage start?
adolescence (12+)
164
what are the characteristics of self-defining memory
emotional intensity
vividness
high levels of repetition
linkage to similar memories
connections to enduring concerns or unresolved conflicts
165
When is generativity vs. stagnation
middle adulthood
166
what is the age of viability
22-26 weeks
167
What did Piaget think was necessary for moral development
cognitive development
168
What is Freud's fourth psychosexual stage, from 6-12 years
latency
169
If you view time as unlimited, you are more likely to be __-oriented, and your primary motivation for friendships is ___
future
knowledge-seeking
170
Of the OCEAN characteristics, which are most likely to increase in adulthood
agreeableness and conscientiousness
171
Freud's first psychosexual stage (from birth to 1 year)
oral
172
Who did Piaget and Kohlberg think had the most influence on childrens' moral development
peers
173
Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of gender identity posits that gender identity development depends on what?
cognitive development
174
Which parenting style is most likely to have children who are self-centered, immature, and rebellious with poor impulse control
permissive
175
when does the vocabulary spurt usually begin
18 months
176
How would Parten describe unoccupied, solitary, and onlooker play
nonsocial
177
What two factors distinguish types of IPV
perpetrator's motivation for violence
frequency of perpetration between partners
178
Of the OCEAN characteristics, which are most likely to remain relatively stable or slightly decrease in adulthood
extraversion and openness to experience
179
In Marcia's model of adolescent identity development, which status is associated with someone who has not experienced an identity crisis and is strongly committed to an identity (accepting others' values)
foreclosure
180
what virtue is intimacy vs. isolation
love
181
When is Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development
2-7 years
182
In the multidimensional model of gender identity, which component refers to the degree to which the individual feels pressure from his/herself and others to conform to gender norms
felt pressure
183
understanding that certain physical characteristics of an object stay the same when the objects outward appearance changes
conserve
