Clinical Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
When are defense mechanisms used in Freud’s theory?
A
When the ego can’t resolve a conflict between the id and superego using rational means
2
Q
Five defense mechanisms (Freudian)
A
repression
denial
reaction formation
projection
sublimation
3
Q
Which defense mechanism is the basis of all other defense mechanisms
A
Repression
4
Q
Defense mechanism that involves defending against an unacceptable impulse by expressing its opposite
A
Reaction formation
5
Q
Defense mechanism: Attributing an unacceptable impulse to another person
A
Projection
6
Q
Defense mechanism: channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially desirable and often admirable endeavor
A
Sublimation
7
Q
(Gestalt) What occurs when there’s a persistent disturbance in the boundary between the person and the environment that interferes with the person’s ability to fulfill needs
A
Neurosis (maladjustment)
8
Q
Boundary disturbances - what theory and what are the five?
A
Gestalt theory
- introjection
- projection
- retroflection
- deflection
- confluence
9
Q
Boundary disturbance: when people adopt the beliefs, standards, and values of others without evaluation or awareness
A
Introjection
10
Q
Boundary disturbance: When people attribute undesirable aspects of themselves to others
A
Projection
11
Q
Boundary disturbance: when people do to themselves what they’d like to do to others
A
Retroflection
12
Q
Boundary disturbance: When people avoid contact with the environment
A
Deflection
13
Q
Boundary disturbance: When people blur the distinction between themselves and others
A
Confluence
14
Q
What is the curative factor in therapy, per Gestalt?
A
Gaining awareness of one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions
15
Q
Four ultimate concerns of existence
A
Death
Freedom
Isolation
Meaninglessness
16
Q
Reality theory is based on what?
A
Innate needs (love and belonging; power; fun; freedom; survival) and the way we choose to fulfill those needs
17
Q
How does interpersonal psychotherapy view mental disorders?
A
As treatable medical illnesses (medical model)
18
Q
Problem areas in depression (in IPT)
A
interpersonal role disputes
interpersonal role transitions
interpersonal deficits
grief
19
Q
In transtheoretical model of change, motivation is affected by which three factors
A
Decisional balance (strength of beliefs about pros and cons of changing)
Self-efficacy
Temptation (urge intensity)
20
Q
Receiving two contradictory messages from a family members and not being allowed to common on the contradiction
A
double-bind communication
21
Q
One-upmanship and escalating intensity in interactions are what type of interaction
A
Symmetrical
22
Q
In which family therapy will you only see two family members or an individual who is most capable of changing
A
Bowen’s extended family systems
23
Q
What family therapy theory posits that increasing differentiation in one family member facilitates greater differentiation in the others
A
Bowen’s extended family systems
24
Q
Which family therapy theory uses genograms to understand intergenerational patterns of functioning
A
Bowen’s extended family systems
25
ability to distinguish between your own feelings and thoughts (Bowen's family systems theory)
Intrapersonal differentiation
26
ability to separate your emotional and intellectual functioning from others'
interpersonal differentiation
27
Which family therapy is based on the assumption that a family member's symptoms are related to problems in the family's structure, identifies subsystems and structure as important aspects?
Structural Family Therapy (Minuchin)
28
What type of family triad occurs when a parent and child form an inflexible alliance against the other parent (Minuchin's family systems)
stable coalition
29
What type of family triad is also known as triangulation and occurs when each parent demands that the child side with them (Minuchin's family systems)
unstable coalition
30
What type of family triad happens when parents avoid conflict between them by blaming the child? (Minuchin's family system)
Detouring-attack coalition
31
What type of family triad occurs when parents avoid their own conflict by overprotecting the child (Minuchin's family system)
Detouring-support coalition
32
Does structural family therapy (Minuchin) focus more on behavior change or insight?
Behavior change
33
Which family therapy is based on the assumptions that struggles for power and control are core features of family functioning and works to resolve inappropriate hierarchies
Haley's strategic family therapy
34
Which family therapy would be most likely to use paradoxical directives or prescribe the symptom
Haley's strategic family therapy
35
Which family therapy works to alter family rules and communication (e.g., family games)
Milan's Systemic family therapy
36
Which family therapy uses a therapeutic team?
Milan's systemic family therapy
37
In Milan's systemic family therapy, which intervention reframes a symptom as beneficial because it maintains the family's cohesion and well-being
Positive connotation
38
Which family therapy says that family problems arise when balance is maintained by unrealistic expectations, inappropriate rules and roles, and dysfunctional communication
Satir's conjoint family therapy
39
Which family therapy is most likely to use family sculpting?
Satir's conjoint family therapy
40
Which treatment is used for at-risk adolescents and their families based on the assumption that problematic behaviors within a family serve important relationship functions?
Functional Family Therapy
41
Which family therapy works to replace problematic behaviors with nonproblematic behaviors that fulfill the same relationship functions
Functional Family Therapy
42
What are the three overlapping formative phases of group therapy
Initial orientation, hesitant participation, search for meaning, and dependency stage
Conflict, dominance, and rebellion stage
Development of cohesiveness stage
43
Which cognitive distortion involves drawing negative conclusions without any supportive evidence
Arbitrary inference
44
Which cognitive distortion involves paying attention to and exaggerating a minor negative detail of a situation while ignoring other aspects of the situation
Selective abstraction
45
Which cognitive distortion involves a tendency to classify events as representing one of two extremes
Dichotomous thinking
46
Which therapy attributes psychological disturbances to irrational beliefs and uses an ABCDE model to explain psychological disturbance
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Ellis)
47
Which therapy was developed to teach problem-solving skills?
Self-instructional training (Meichenbaum)
48
Which therapy focuses on improving clients' ability to deal with ongoing and future stressful situations by teaching coping skills
Stress inoculation training (Meichenbaum)
49
What skills are focused on, in order, in brief CBT for suicide prevention
Emotion regulation
Cognitive flexibility
Relapse prevention
50
Which form of prevention reduces the occurrence of new cases of a mental/physical disorder (entire population rather than specific individuals)
Primary prevention
51
Which type of prevention reduces the prevalence of mental/physical disorders through early detection and intervention (aimed at specific individuals at elevated risk)
Secondary prevention
52
Which type of prevention reduces the severity and duration of an already existing mental/physical disorder
Tertiary prevention
53
Which three types of prevention are included in Gordon's model?
Universal
Selective,
Indicated
54
This type of consultation focuses on a particular client of the consultee who is having difficulty providing the client with effective services
Client-centered case consultation
55
This type of consultation focuses on the consultee with the goal of improving their ability to work effectively with current and future clients who are similar in some way
Consultee-centered case consultation
56
This type of consultation invovles working with program administrators to help them clarify and resolve problems they're having with an existing mental health program
Program-centered administrative consultation
57
This type of consultation focuses on improving the professional functioning of program administrators so they're better able to develop, administer, and evaluate mental health programs in the future
Consultee-centered administrative consultation
58
Which type of clinical research maximizes internal validity with experimental control
Efficacy
59
Which type of clinical research maximizes external validity by providing therapy in naturalistic clinical settings
Effectiveness
60
Which researcher came to the conclusion that patients who did not participate in therapy had the most improvement in symptoms for neuroticism in the 50s?
Eysenck
61
An effect size of .85 in Smith's study means that the average patient who received psychotherapy was better off than what percentage of patients who didn't receive therapy?
80%
62
Per Howard and colleagues, what percentage of clients will exhibit clinically significant improvement in 6-8 sessions, 26 sessions, and 52 sessions
50%
75%
85%
63
In psychotherapy outcomes research, what are the three phases (in order)?
Remoralization
Remediation
Rehabilitation
64
In what phase of therapy would a measure of life functioning best be used (per outcomes research)?
Rehabilitation (final) phase
65
What percent of variability in therapy outcomes is associated with patient contributions?
30%
66
Which ethnic group demonstrates improved outcomes with client-therapist matching?
Hispanic Americans
67
Which type of economic evaluation of healthcare programs compares costs and benefits of interventions
cost-benefit analysis
68
Which type of economic evaluation of healthcare programs compares costs and benefits of interventions when benefits can't be expressed as monetary values
Cost-effectiveness analysis
69
Which type of economic evaluation of healthcare programs compares the costs of interventions of quality-adjusted life-years
cost-utility analysis
70
What do people with an IC/IR believe
they are in control of their own outcomes and responsible for their own successes and failures
71
What do people with an IC/ER believe
They can determine their own outcomes if given the change but others are responsible for keeping them from doing so
72
People with an EC/ER believe that
they have little or no control over their outcomes and are not responsible for them
73
People with an EC/IR believe
they have little control over their outcomes but tend to take responsibility for their own failures
74
Which -C/-R worldview (Sue) is characteristic of mainstream American culture
IC/IR
75
Berry's four acculturation stages
Integration
Assimilation
Separation
Marginalization
76
Which acculturation strategy involves retaining one's minority culture and adopting the majority culture
Integration
77
Which acculturation strategy involves retaining one's minority culture and rejecting the majority
Separation
78
Which acculturation strategy involves rejecting one's minority culture and adopting the majority
Assimilation
79
Which acculturation strategy involves rejecting both the minority culture and the majority culture
Marginalization
80
Which acculturation strategy experiences the least acculturative stress? The most?
Integration
Marginalization
81
Which perspective says that behavior is affected by culture
Emic
82
Which perspective says that behavior is similar across cultures and that the same theories and interventions are appropriate for everyone regardless of cultural background
Etic
83
Which interventions focus on making changes in the client so that he/she can successfully adapt to the environment
Autoplastic
84
Which interventions focus on altering the environment or situation to fit the client's needs
Alloplastic
85
What is the name for the finding that higher-status immigrants are more likely than lower-status immigrants to report experiencing discrimination and less likely to have positive attitudes toward mainstream society
Integration paradox
86
What's the name for the finding that recent immigrants tend to have better health and occupational outcomes than more established immigrants and nonimmigrants
Immigrant paradox
87
Five stages of Racial/Cultural Identity Development (Atkinson)
Conformity
Dissonance
Resistance and Immersion
Introspection
Integrative Awareness
88
Which R/CID stage involves having either neutral/negative attitudes towards members of one's own minority group and positive attitudes towards a majority
Conformity
89
Which R/CID stage involves people questioning their attitudes towards their own minority group and the majority and are learning about their own culture
Dissonance
90
Which RCID stage has positive attitudes towards members of their own minority group, conflicting attitudes toward members of other minority groups, and negative attitudes toward members of the majority
Resistance and Immersion
91
Which RCID stage do people question their unequivocal allegiance to their own group and are concerned about the biases that affect their judgements of members of other groups
Introspection
92
Which RCID stage involves awareness of positive and negatives of all cultural groups
Integrative Awareness
93
Black Racial Identity Development Model Stages
Pre-Encounter
Encounter
Immersion-Emersion
Internalization
Internalization-Commitment
94
Which Black Racial Identity stage involves assimilation, miseducation, and self-hatred
Pre-Encounter
95
Which Black Racial Identity stage involces rejection of White culture and idealization of Black culture
Immersion-Emersion
96
Which Black Racial-Identity stage includes an internalized black identity and commitment to social activism to reduce all forms of oppression
Internalization-Commitment
97
Which theory of racial identity does not describe sequential stages of development?
Multidimensional model of racial identity
98
What are the four dimensions of racial identity in the multidimensional model
Racial salience
Racial Centrality
Racial regard
Racial ideology
99
the extent to which a person’s race is a relevant part of his/her self-concept at a particular point in time and in a particular situation
racial salience
100
the extent to which a person normatively defines him/herself in terms of race and is affected by the importance of race to the person relative to other identities such as gender and religion.
racial centrality
101
private and public regard. Private regard refers to the extent to which a person feels positively or negatively toward African Americans and how positively or negatively he/she feels about being an African American. Public regard refers to the extent to which a person feels that others view African Americans positively or negatively.
racial regard
102
a person’s beliefs and opinions about the ways African Americans should live and interact with society.
racial ideology
103
which ideology views the African American experience as being unique and believes African Americans should control their own destinies with minimal input from other groups.
nationalist
104
which ideology emphasize the similarity of the oppression experienced by African Americans and members of other minority groups, and they’re interested in forming coalitions with other groups
oppressed minority
105
which ideology emphasize similarities between African Americans and the rest of American society and believe that African Americans should work within the system to change it.
assimilationist
106
which ideology emphasize the similarities of all humans, give race low centrality, and are more concerned with issues facing the human race such as peace, poverty, and climate change.
humanist
107
Two phases of Helm's White Racial Identity Development Model
abandonment of racism and defining a nonracist White identity
108
Six statuses of Helm's White Racial Identity Development Model
Contact
Disintegration
Reintegration
Pseudo-Independence
Immersion-Emersion
Autonomy
109
In Helms's White Racial Identity Development Model, which status involves a lack of awareness of racism and satisfaction with the racial status quo.
Contact
110
In Helms's White Racial Identity Development Model, which status involves becoming aware of contradictions that create race-related moral dilemmas, causing confusion and anxiety
Disintegration
111
In Helms's White Racial Identity Development Model, which status involves attempting to resolve dilemmas by believing Whites are superior and blaming others for their problems
Reintegration
112
In Helms's White Racial Identity Development Model, which status involves being faced with an event that makes them question their beliefs about Whites and minority group members, with superficial tolerance and paternalistic attitudes
Pseudo-Independence
113
In Helms's White Racial Identity Development Model, which status involves a search for personal meaning of racism and understanding of what it means to be White and benefit from privilege
Immersion-Emersion
114
In Helms's White Racial Identity Development Model, which status involves a nonracist identity, value diversity, exploration of racism issues w/o defensiveness
Autonomy
115
Four stages of Troiden's Model of Homosexual Identity Development
Sensitization
Identity Confusion
Identity Assumption
Identity Commitment
116
In which stage of homosexual ID devel do people feel different from same-sex peers
Sensitization (first)
117
In which stage of homosexual ID devel do people start to feel sexually attracted to individual and suspect their identity, which results in anxiety and varying reactions
Identity Confusion
118
In which state of homosexual ID devel do people assume an identity and seek out peers
Identity Assumption
119
In which state of homosexual identity do people internalize their identity, accept it as a way of life, and feel comfortable disclosing
Identity Commitment
