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Qualitative Research > Research Review > Flashcards

Research Review Flashcards

1
Q

EBP process?

A
  1. Formulate a question based on a clinical problem
  2. Identify the relevant evidence
  3. Evaluate the evidence
  4. Implement useful findings
  5. Evaluate the outcomes
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2
Q

Writing and evidence-based question: 5 types of questions

A

• Efficacy of an intervention (P-I-C-O)
• Usefulness of an assessment
• Description of a condition
• Prediction of an outcome
• Lived experience of a client

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3
Q

Common Research Designs/Methods

A

Efficacy of an Intervention
Usefulness of an Assessment
Description of a Condition
Prediction of an Outcome
Lived Experience of a Client

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4
Q

Efficacy of an Intervention involves

A

•Randomized controlled trial
•Nonrandomized controlled trials
•Pretest/posttest without a control group
•Single subject design

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5
Q

Usefulness of an Assessment involves

A

• Psychometric methods
• Reliability studies
• Validity studies
• Sensitivity and specificity studies

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6
Q

Description of a Condition involves

A

• Incidence and prevalence studies
• Group comparisons (of existing groups)
• Surveys and interviews

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7
Q

Prediction of an Outcome involves methods such as

A

•Correlational and regression studies
•Cohort studies

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8
Q

Lived Experience of a Client methods can involve

A

•Qualitative studies
•Ethnography
•Phenomenology
•Narrative

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9
Q

Types of Research

A

•Experimental
•Nonexperimental
•Quantitative
•Qualitative
•Cross-sectional
•Longitudinal
•Basic
•Applied

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10
Q

Examines cause and effect relationships (sometimes referred to as efficacy, intervention, difference, or group comparison studies)
•RCT (True experiment Level II)
•Nonrandomized controlled trial (Quasiexperimental Level III)
•Pretest/posttest (Pre-experiment Level IV)

A

Experimental research

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11
Q

Cannot determine causal relationships

Can answer descriptive, relationship, and qualitative questions

Common approaches to collect and analyze data include surveys, interviews, observation of behavior, standardized measures, and existing data from medical records

Observational in nature

A

Non-experimental research

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12
Q

Descriptive

A

group comparison or incidence/prevalence design

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13
Q

Relationship question

A

correlational or predictive design

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14
Q

Uses statistics

Describes outcomes in terms of numbers

Deductive reasoning; begins with hypothesis and works down to determine if evidence supports the hypothesis

Centered on testing a hypothesis

A

Quantitative research

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15
Q

Hypothesis is either

A

Directional or non directional

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16
Q

researcher has an assumption or belief in a particular outcome

A

Directional

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17
Q

exploratory, no prior notion about the study results but assumes a difference or relationship exists

A

Non directional

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18
Q

Answers questions about meaning and experience

Uses inductive reasoning; moves from the specific to the general

Provides a more personal and in-depth perspective of the person or situation being studied

Data collected may include photographs, diagrams, etc.

Encompasses several different designs: ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory action research

A

Qualitative research

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19
Q

Tests theory and/or hypothesis; focus is on confirmation

A

Quantitative

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20
Q

Outside/objective pov

A

Quantitative

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21
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Quantitative

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22
Q

Data collection is quantifiable, typically standardized measures w/many participants

A

Quantitative

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23
Q

Data analysis is descriptive and inferential statistics

A

Quantitative

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24
Q

Evaluation rigor of research involves Reliability and validity; Data accurate? Consistent?

A

Quantitative

25
Q

Evaluating rigor of research is based on trustworthiness

A

Qualitative

26
Q

Data analysis involves Identification of themes using text or pictures

A

Qualitative

27
Q

Data collection is done through Interviews and observations of a few individuals in their natural environments

A

Qualitative

28
Q

Insider and subjective pov

A

Qualitative

29
Q

Builds theory and/or explores phenomenon; focus is on discovery

A

Qualitative

30
Q

data are collected at a single point in time; uses nonexperimental methods; can be observational in nature; descriptive and correlational studies frequently use

A

Cross-sectional research

31
Q

requires that data be collected over at least two time points and typically covers an extended time period (several years or decades); intended to examine the effects of time (ex. – development, aging, or recovery) on some phenomenon (ex. – cognition, independent living, or language); many longitudinal studies examine naturalistic changes making them observational

A

Longitudinal research

32
Q

Used to investigate fundamental questions that are directed at better understanding individual concepts

A

Basic research

33
Q

Has direct application to health care practices

A

Applied research

34
Q

Both basic and applied together; findings form the laboratory are used to generate clinical research

A

Translational research

35
Q

Researcher has to decide on whether to accept or reject the research hypothesis based on the p value obtained from the statistical analysis.

A

Hypothesis Testing

36
Q

If p is less than or equal to 0.05, the hypothesis is

A

Accepted

37
Q

If p value is greater that 0.05, the hypothesis is

A

Rejected

38
Q

when the hypothesis is accepted, yet the hypothesis is FALSE

False positive

A

Type 1 error

39
Q

when the hypothesis is rejected, yet the hypothesis is TRUE; sometimes sample size is too small

False negative

A

Type 2 error

40
Q

Characteristics of people, activities, situations, or environments that are identified and/or measured in a study and have more than one value

A

Variables

41
Q

these are manipulated or compared in a study; with more than one independent variable is included in a study, the study is described as a factorial design

A

IV

42
Q

these are observed and are intended to measure the result of the manipulation (also know as the outcome or outcome variable)

A

DV

43
Q

those variables that remain constant; the more control in place, the more confidence that the independent variable caused the change in the dependent variable

A

Control variables

44
Q

variables that can influence the outcome of a study; they are tracked and then later examined to determine its influence

A

Extraneous variables

45
Q

type of extraneous variable that not only affects the dependent variable, but is also related to the dependent variable

A

confounding variable

46
Q

Describe the data in a study

Provide an analysis of data that helps describe, show, or summarize it in a meaningful way that patterns might emerge from it

Include frequencies, frequency distribution, measure of central tendency

A

Descriptive statistics

47
Q

actual number or count along with a percentage

A

Frequencies

48
Q

how often something occurs within a given interval

on line graphs, histograms, etc.

A

Frequency distribution

49
Q

Mean, meadian, mode

A

Measure of central tendency

50
Q

M, x̄ (X Bar)

A

Mean of a sample

51
Q

M (sd)

A

Mean and standard deviation of a sample

52
Q

S, sd, σ

A

Standard deviation of a sample

53
Q

s2

A

Sample variance/variance of a sample

54
Q

N,n

A

Number of participants in a study or a number of participants in a group

55
Q

data points are distributed in a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; two halves are mirror images

A

Normal distribution

56
Q

lack of symmetry in the spread of scores, such that the curve is longer than the others

A

Skewed distribution

57
Q

Positively Skewed Distribution skews which way?

A

To the right

58
Q

Negatively Skewed Distribution skews which way?

A

To the left

Qualitative Research (11 decks)

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