Brown Ch 9&11 Flashcards
Determines what is likely to happen next
Questions are most widely used in quantitative research studies.
predictive research design
The study of health conditions in populations, which includes descriptive research methods aimed at identifying the incidence and prevalence of specific conditions.
Epidemiology
the frequency of new occurrences of a condition during a specific time period. calculated as the number of new cases during a time period divided by the total population at risk. Provides an estimation of the risk of developing the condition.
Incidence
the number of individuals in a population who have a specific condition at a given point in time, regardless of onset. It is the measure of how widespread a condition is. This is the number of cases at a given time point, divided by the total population at risk.
Prevalence
two types of Descriptive Research for Understanding Conditions & Populations
Incidence and Prevalence
incidence =
Number of new cases during a time period divided by total population at risk
prevalence =
Number of cases at a given time point divided by total population at risk
the percentage of individuals who return a survey based on the total numbers of surveys administered.
Response rate
a general term for a measurement error that creates inaccuracy in the survey results; for instance, when a large number of individuals choose not to respond to a survey
Response bias
Study Designs to Predict an Outcome
correlational methods and group comparison methods
Predictive Studies Using Correlational Methods invovle
prediction between two variables and multiple predictors for that single outcome
Predictive Studies Use Group Comparison Methods such as
Case-control studies
Cohort studies
Levels of Evidence for Prognostic Studies
I – SR of prospective cohort studies
II – individual prospective cohort study
III – retrospective cohort study
IV – case-control design
V – expert opinion, case study
test of difference
Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics are often divided into two categories:
difference and relationships
assumes that the distribution of scores in the sample are relatively normally distributed; uses mean and standard deviations
Parametric statistics
these are considered distribution free; compares categorical and rank-ordered data
Nonparametric statistics
can be categorized
nominal
can be categorized and ranked
ordinal
can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced
interval
can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced, and has a true or meaningful zero
ratio
This is a number that expresses the probability that the result of a given experiment/study could have occurred purely by chance.
Statistical Significance
The α level is determined ______ the study begins and is typically set at 0.05.
BEFORE
thee amount of risk you are willing to assume; typically the standard level of significance is 0.05.
Level of significance (alpha level = α)
Compares differences between 2 groups
Independent sample t-test (unpaired sample)
Compares differences within a group at 2 time points on a single dependent measure; compares differences within a group on 2 different dependent measures
Dependent sample t-test (paired sample)
Compares differences between 3 or more groups on a single dependent measure
ANOVA
Compares differences within 1 group at 3 or more time points
Repeated measures ANOVA
compares both between-group and within-group differences simultaneously (interaction effect); provides separate results of the between-group differences and within-group differences (main effects)
Mixed-model ANOVA
Compares differences between and/or within groups while statistically controlling (equalizes groups) a variable (the covariate)
ANCOVA
Nonparametric test; compares frequencies of 2 or more groups
chi-square
Nonparametric test; compares 2 groups using rank-order data
Mann-Whitney
Nonparametric test; compares 3 or more groups using rank-ordered data
Kruskal-Wallis
probability
p
how likely something is to happen
probability
effect size
ES
confidence intervals
CI
3 things that affect the power of a study
1.The alpha level set for the test of statistical significance
2.The magnitude of the effect
3.The sample size of the study
methods to reduce nonresponse and underreporting
establishing rapport
face-to-face interviews
well-designed questionaires
objective measures to verify self-reports
A descriptive research design is useful in answering which types of questions EXCEPT for?
why
a bell curve the trails to the left is…
negatively skewed
The deeper I cut, the more it will bleed. The 2 variables: 1. Depth of cut 2. Level of bleeding Which is the independent variable?
depth of cut
True/False: Predictive questions are most widely used in quantitative research studies.
True
In a weekly bulletin, you read that there have been 8 new cases of chicken pox in the last 7 days in the class at your school. There are 10 students in the class.
What can you calculate given this information?
indidence
In this same bulletin, you see that 10 out of the 10 students have had the chicken pox. This information offers insight regarding what?
prevalence
Descriptive research can
describe populations and find relationships
tested in real world conditions
effectiveness
tested in ideal conditions
efficacy
Evaluating descriptive and predictive studies CANNOT be analyzed using levels-of-evidence heirachy applied to efficacy studies because….
lack of random assignment to groups and no manipulation of IV can cause more explanations
Two subcategories within inferential statistics
Parametric and nonparametric tests
Differences are determined through
T-test and ANOVA
Relationships are determined through
Correlation and regression
