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Qualitative Research > Brown Ch 9&11 > Flashcards

Brown Ch 9&11 Flashcards

1
Q

Determines what is likely to happen next
Questions are most widely used in quantitative research studies.

A

predictive research design

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2
Q

The study of health conditions in populations, which includes descriptive research methods aimed at identifying the incidence and prevalence of specific conditions.

A

Epidemiology

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3
Q

the frequency of new occurrences of a condition during a specific time period. calculated as the number of new cases during a time period divided by the total population at risk. Provides an estimation of the risk of developing the condition.

A

Incidence

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4
Q

the number of individuals in a population who have a specific condition at a given point in time, regardless of onset. It is the measure of how widespread a condition is. This is the number of cases at a given time point, divided by the total population at risk.

A

Prevalence

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5
Q

two types of Descriptive Research for Understanding Conditions & Populations

A

Incidence and Prevalence

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6
Q

incidence =

A

Number of new cases during a time period divided by total population at risk

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7
Q

prevalence =

A

Number of cases at a given time point divided by total population at risk

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8
Q

the percentage of individuals who return a survey based on the total numbers of surveys administered.

A

Response rate

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9
Q

a general term for a measurement error that creates inaccuracy in the survey results; for instance, when a large number of individuals choose not to respond to a survey

A

Response bias

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10
Q

Study Designs to Predict an Outcome

A

correlational methods and group comparison methods

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11
Q

Predictive Studies Using Correlational Methods invovle

A

prediction between two variables and multiple predictors for that single outcome

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12
Q

Predictive Studies Use Group Comparison Methods such as

A

Case-control studies
Cohort studies

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13
Q

Levels of Evidence for Prognostic Studies

A

I – SR of prospective cohort studies
II – individual prospective cohort study
III – retrospective cohort study
IV – case-control design
V – expert opinion, case study

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14
Q

test of difference

A

Inferential Statistics

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15
Q

Inferential statistics are often divided into two categories:

A

difference and relationships

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16
Q

assumes that the distribution of scores in the sample are relatively normally distributed; uses mean and standard deviations

A

Parametric statistics

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17
Q

these are considered distribution free; compares categorical and rank-ordered data

A

Nonparametric statistics

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18
Q

can be categorized

A

nominal

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19
Q

can be categorized and ranked

A

ordinal

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20
Q

can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced

A

interval

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21
Q

can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced, and has a true or meaningful zero

A

ratio

22
Q

This is a number that expresses the probability that the result of a given experiment/study could have occurred purely by chance.

A

Statistical Significance

23
Q

The α level is determined ______ the study begins and is typically set at 0.05.

A

BEFORE

24
Q

thee amount of risk you are willing to assume; typically the standard level of significance is 0.05.

A

Level of significance (alpha level = α)

25
Q

Compares differences between 2 groups

A

Independent sample t-test (unpaired sample)

26
Q

Compares differences within a group at 2 time points on a single dependent measure; compares differences within a group on 2 different dependent measures

A

Dependent sample t-test (paired sample)

27
Q

Compares differences between 3 or more groups on a single dependent measure

A

ANOVA

28
Q

Compares differences within 1 group at 3 or more time points

A

Repeated measures ANOVA

29
Q

compares both between-group and within-group differences simultaneously (interaction effect); provides separate results of the between-group differences and within-group differences (main effects)

A

Mixed-model ANOVA

30
Q

Compares differences between and/or within groups while statistically controlling (equalizes groups) a variable (the covariate)

A

ANCOVA

31
Q

Nonparametric test; compares frequencies of 2 or more groups

A

chi-square

32
Q

Nonparametric test; compares 2 groups using rank-order data

A

Mann-Whitney

33
Q

Nonparametric test; compares 3 or more groups using rank-ordered data

A

Kruskal-Wallis

34
Q

probability

A

p

35
Q

how likely something is to happen

A

probability

36
Q

effect size

A

ES

37
Q

confidence intervals

A

CI

38
Q

3 things that affect the power of a study

A

1.The alpha level set for the test of statistical significance
2.The magnitude of the effect
3.The sample size of the study

39
Q

methods to reduce nonresponse and underreporting

A

establishing rapport
face-to-face interviews
well-designed questionaires
objective measures to verify self-reports

40
Q

A descriptive research design is useful in answering which types of questions EXCEPT for?

A

why

41
Q

a bell curve the trails to the left is…

A

negatively skewed

42
Q

The deeper I cut, the more it will bleed. The 2 variables: 1. Depth of cut 2. Level of bleeding Which is the independent variable?

A

depth of cut

43
Q

True/False: Predictive questions are most widely used in quantitative research studies.

A

True

44
Q

In a weekly bulletin, you read that there have been 8 new cases of chicken pox in the last 7 days in the class at your school. There are 10 students in the class.
What can you calculate given this information?

A

indidence

45
Q

In this same bulletin, you see that 10 out of the 10 students have had the chicken pox. This information offers insight regarding what?

A

prevalence

46
Q

Descriptive research can

A

describe populations and find relationships

47
Q

tested in real world conditions

A

effectiveness

48
Q

tested in ideal conditions

A

efficacy

49
Q

Evaluating descriptive and predictive studies CANNOT be analyzed using levels-of-evidence heirachy applied to efficacy studies because….

A

lack of random assignment to groups and no manipulation of IV can cause more explanations

50
Q

Two subcategories within inferential statistics

A

Parametric and nonparametric tests

51
Q

Differences are determined through

A

T-test and ANOVA

52
Q

Relationships are determined through

A

Correlation and regression

Qualitative Research (11 decks)

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