Brown Ch 9&11

Question 1

Determines what is likely to happen next
Questions are most widely used in quantitative research studies.

Answer 1

predictive research design

Question 2

The study of health conditions in populations, which includes descriptive research methods aimed at identifying the incidence and prevalence of specific conditions.

Answer 2

Epidemiology

Question 3

the frequency of new occurrences of a condition during a specific time period. calculated as the number of new cases during a time period divided by the total population at risk. Provides an estimation of the risk of developing the condition.

Answer 3

Incidence

Question 4

the number of individuals in a population who have a specific condition at a given point in time, regardless of onset. It is the measure of how widespread a condition is. This is the number of cases at a given time point, divided by the total population at risk.

Answer 4

Prevalence

Question 5

two types of Descriptive Research for Understanding Conditions & Populations

Answer 5

Incidence and Prevalence

Question 6

incidence =

Answer 6

Number of new cases during a time period divided by total population at risk

Question 7

prevalence =

Answer 7

Number of cases at a given time point divided by total population at risk

Question 8

the percentage of individuals who return a survey based on the total numbers of surveys administered.

Answer 8

Response rate

Question 9

a general term for a measurement error that creates inaccuracy in the survey results; for instance, when a large number of individuals choose not to respond to a survey

Answer 9

Response bias

Question 10

Study Designs to Predict an Outcome

Answer 10

correlational methods and group comparison methods

Question 11

Predictive Studies Using Correlational Methods invovle

Answer 11

prediction between two variables and multiple predictors for that single outcome

Question 12

Predictive Studies Use Group Comparison Methods such as

Answer 12

Case-control studies
Cohort studies

Question 13

Levels of Evidence for Prognostic Studies

Answer 13

I – SR of prospective cohort studies
II – individual prospective cohort study
III – retrospective cohort study
IV – case-control design
V – expert opinion, case study

Question 14

test of difference

Answer 14

Inferential Statistics

Question 15

Inferential statistics are often divided into two categories:

Answer 15

difference and relationships

Question 16

assumes that the distribution of scores in the sample are relatively normally distributed; uses mean and standard deviations

Answer 16

Parametric statistics

Question 17

these are considered distribution free; compares categorical and rank-ordered data

Answer 17

Nonparametric statistics

Question 18

can be categorized

Answer 18

nominal

Question 19

can be categorized and ranked

Answer 19

ordinal

Question 20

can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced

Answer 20

interval

Question 21

can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced, and has a true or meaningful zero

Answer 21

ratio

Question 22

This is a number that expresses the probability that the result of a given experiment/study could have occurred purely by chance.

Answer 22

Statistical Significance

Question 23

The α level is determined ______ the study begins and is typically set at 0.05.

Answer 23

BEFORE

Question 24

thee amount of risk you are willing to assume; typically the standard level of significance is 0.05.

Answer 24

Level of significance (alpha level = α)

Question 25

Compares differences between 2 groups

Answer 25

Independent sample t-test (unpaired sample)

Question 26

Compares differences within a group at 2 time points on a single dependent measure; compares differences within a group on 2 different dependent measures

Answer 26

Dependent sample t-test (paired sample)

Question 27

Compares differences between 3 or more groups on a single dependent measure

Answer 27

ANOVA

Question 28

Compares differences within 1 group at 3 or more time points

Answer 28

Repeated measures ANOVA

Question 29

compares both between-group and within-group differences simultaneously (interaction effect); provides separate results of the between-group differences and within-group differences (main effects)

Answer 29

Mixed-model ANOVA

Question 30

Compares differences between and/or within groups while statistically controlling (equalizes groups) a variable (the covariate)

Answer 30

ANCOVA

Question 31

Nonparametric test; compares frequencies of 2 or more groups

Answer 31

chi-square

Question 32

Nonparametric test; compares 2 groups using rank-order data

Answer 32

Mann-Whitney

Question 33

Nonparametric test; compares 3 or more groups using rank-ordered data

Answer 33

Kruskal-Wallis

Question 34

probability

Answer 34

p

Question 35

how likely something is to happen

Answer 35

probability

Question 36

effect size

Answer 36

ES

Question 37

confidence intervals

Answer 37

CI

Question 38

3 things that affect the power of a study

Answer 38

1.The alpha level set for the test of statistical significance 2.The magnitude of the effect 3.The sample size of the study

Question 39

methods to reduce nonresponse and underreporting

Answer 39

establishing rapport face-to-face interviews well-designed questionaires objective measures to verify self-reports

Question 40

A descriptive research design is useful in answering which types of questions EXCEPT for?

Answer 40

why

Question 41

a bell curve the trails to the left is…

Answer 41

negatively skewed

Question 42

The deeper I cut, the more it will bleed. The 2 variables: 1. Depth of cut 2. Level of bleeding Which is the independent variable?

Answer 42

depth of cut

Question 43

True/False: Predictive questions are most widely used in quantitative research studies.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

In a weekly bulletin, you read that there have been 8 new cases of chicken pox in the last 7 days in the class at your school. There are 10 students in the class. What can you calculate given this information?

Answer 44

indidence

Question 45

In this same bulletin, you see that 10 out of the 10 students have had the chicken pox. This information offers insight regarding what?

Answer 45

prevalence

Question 46

Descriptive research can

Answer 46

describe populations and find relationships

Question 47

tested in real world conditions

Answer 47

effectiveness

Question 48

tested in ideal conditions

Answer 48

efficacy

Question 49

Evaluating descriptive and predictive studies CANNOT be analyzed using levels-of-evidence heirachy applied to efficacy studies because….

Answer 49

lack of random assignment to groups and no manipulation of IV can cause more explanations

Question 50

Two subcategories within inferential statistics

Answer 50

Parametric and nonparametric tests

Question 51

Differences are determined through

Answer 51

T-test and ANOVA

Question 52

Relationships are determined through

Answer 52

Correlation and regression