Brown Ch 3

Question 1

Types of research include:

Answer 1

•Experimental
•Nonexperimental
•Quantitative
•Qualitative
•Cross-sectional
•Longitudinal
•Basic
•Applied

Question 2

•Examines cause-and-effect relationships
•Answers whether an intervention resulted in a positive outcome for the client
•Controlling for alternate explanations shows that differences between the intervention and control group are caused by the intervention.
•Also known as efficacy studies or intervention studies

Answer 2

Experimental research

Question 3

Types of experimental research:

Answer 3

True experiment
Quasi-experiment
Pre-experimental research

Question 4

randomized controlled trial

two groups are manipulated, and participants are randomly assigned to a group

Answer 4

True experiment

Question 5

nonrandomized controlled trial

participants are not randomly assigned

Answer 5

Quasi-experiments

Question 6

pretest-posttest without a control

one group, nothing is manipulated, and there is no random assignment

Answer 6

Pre-experimental research

Question 7

•Cannot determine causal relationships but can answer descriptive, relationship, and qualitative questions
•Observational studies of naturally occurring circumstances

Correlational studies determine whether a relationship exists between two constructs and assesses the strength of that relationship.
‒Third variable problem presents a potential alternative in these studies, in which the two constructs may be related, but a third variable could account for that relationship or influence the relationship.

Answer 7

Non experimental research

Question 8

Tests a hypothesis
‒Null hypothesis means no difference/no relationship.
‒Research hypothesis is the prediction the researcher makes about the outcomes of a study.
‒Directional hypothesis indicates that the researcher has an assumption or belief in a particular outcome.
‒Nondirectional hypothesis is exploratory; the researcher does not have a prior notion about what the study results may be but may assume that a difference or relationship exists.

Answer 8

Quantitive research

Question 9

Provides a personal and in-depth perspective of the person or situation being studied

•Uses inductive reasoning (moves from the specific to the general)
•Encompasses ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory action research

Answer 9

Qualitative research

Question 10

Purpose to Tests theory and/or hypotheses; focus is on confirmation

Answer 10

Quantitative research

Question 11

Builds theory and/or explores phenomenon; focus is on discovery

Answer 11

Qualitative research

Question 12

Outsider, objective POV

Answer 12

Quantitative

Question 13

Insider, subjective POV

Answer 13

Qualitative research

Question 14

Deductive reasoning

Answer 14

Quantitative

Question 15

Inductive reasoning

Answer 15

Qualitative

Question 16

Use of quantifiable, typically standardized measures with many participants

Answer 16

Quantitative

Question 17

Interviews and observations of a few individuals in their natural environments

Answer 17

Qualitative

Question 18

Descriptive and inferential statistics

Answer 18

Quantitative

Question 19

Identification of themes using text or pictures

Answer 19

Qualitative

Question 20

Evaluating the rigor of the research is based on reliability and validity: Is the data accurate and consistent?

Answer 20

Quantitative

Question 21

Evaluating the rigor of the research is based on trustworthiness: is the data believable?

Answer 21

Qualitative

Question 22

Data are collected at a single point in time.
•Uses nonexperimental methods and are observational in nature (researcher does not manipulate a situation)
•Used by descriptive and correlational studies

Answer 22

Cross-sectional research:

Question 23

Data is collected over at least two time points and typically covers an extended period of time (several years or decades).
•Examines the effect of time (such as development, aging, or recovery) on some phenomenon (such as cognition, independent living, or language)

Answer 23

Longitudinal research

Question 24

investigates fundamental questions that are directed at better understanding individual concepts.
‒May lead to unintended discoveries
‒Researcher typically has a real-world application in mind

Answer 24

Basic research

Question 25

has direct application to health-care practices (e.g., efficacy of a fall prevention program).

Answer 25

Applied research

Question 26

Basic + applied research =

Answer 26

translational research, when findings from the laboratory are used to generate clinical research

Question 27

occurs when the hypothesis is accepted, yet is actually false.

Answer 27

Type 1 error

Question 28

occurs when the hypothesis is rejected, yet is true

Answer 28

Type 2 error

Question 29

characteristics of people, activities, situations, or environments that are identified and/or measured in a study and have more than one value

Answer 29

Variables

Question 30

may be assigned a number and compared (e.g., control and intervention groups, race, and geographical region)

Answer 30

Categorical variables

Question 31

are numbers that have meaning in relation to one another (e.g., higher number means more of something)

Answer 31

Continuous variables

Question 32

are manipulated or compared in a study.

When more than one is included, the study has a factorial design, meaning the interaction or impact of both independent variables can be examined simultaneously.

Answer 32

IV

Question 33

observed and, in the case of an experimental study, are intended to measure the result of the manipulation

Answer 33

DV

Question 34

remain constant.

They could potentially affect the outcome of a study, but they are controlled by the design of the study or the statistical procedures used

Answer 34

Control variable

Question 35

tracked and then later examined to determine their influence

Answer 35

Extraneous variables