Brown Ch 3 Flashcards
Types of research include:
•Experimental
•Nonexperimental
•Quantitative
•Qualitative
•Cross-sectional
•Longitudinal
•Basic
•Applied
•Examines cause-and-effect relationships
•Answers whether an intervention resulted in a positive outcome for the client
•Controlling for alternate explanations shows that differences between the intervention and control group are caused by the intervention.
•Also known as efficacy studies or intervention studies
Experimental research
Types of experimental research:
True experiment
Quasi-experiment
Pre-experimental research
randomized controlled trial
two groups are manipulated, and participants are randomly assigned to a group
True experiment
nonrandomized controlled trial
participants are not randomly assigned
Quasi-experiments
pretest-posttest without a control
one group, nothing is manipulated, and there is no random assignment
Pre-experimental research
•Cannot determine causal relationships but can answer descriptive, relationship, and qualitative questions
•Observational studies of naturally occurring circumstances
Correlational studies determine whether a relationship exists between two constructs and assesses the strength of that relationship.
‒Third variable problem presents a potential alternative in these studies, in which the two constructs may be related, but a third variable could account for that relationship or influence the relationship.
Non experimental research
Tests a hypothesis
‒Null hypothesis means no difference/no relationship.
‒Research hypothesis is the prediction the researcher makes about the outcomes of a study.
‒Directional hypothesis indicates that the researcher has an assumption or belief in a particular outcome.
‒Nondirectional hypothesis is exploratory; the researcher does not have a prior notion about what the study results may be but may assume that a difference or relationship exists.
Quantitive research
Provides a personal and in-depth perspective of the person or situation being studied
•Uses inductive reasoning (moves from the specific to the general)
•Encompasses ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory action research
Qualitative research
Purpose to Tests theory and/or hypotheses; focus is on confirmation
Quantitative research
Builds theory and/or explores phenomenon; focus is on discovery
Qualitative research
Outsider, objective POV
Quantitative
Insider, subjective POV
Qualitative research
Deductive reasoning
Quantitative
Inductive reasoning
Qualitative
Use of quantifiable, typically standardized measures with many participants
Quantitative
Interviews and observations of a few individuals in their natural environments
Qualitative
Descriptive and inferential statistics
Quantitative
Identification of themes using text or pictures
Qualitative
Evaluating the rigor of the research is based on reliability and validity: Is the data accurate and consistent?
Quantitative
Evaluating the rigor of the research is based on trustworthiness: is the data believable?
Qualitative
Data are collected at a single point in time.
•Uses nonexperimental methods and are observational in nature (researcher does not manipulate a situation)
•Used by descriptive and correlational studies
Cross-sectional research:
Data is collected over at least two time points and typically covers an extended period of time (several years or decades).
•Examines the effect of time (such as development, aging, or recovery) on some phenomenon (such as cognition, independent living, or language)
Longitudinal research
investigates fundamental questions that are directed at better understanding individual concepts.
‒May lead to unintended discoveries
‒Researcher typically has a real-world application in mind
Basic research
has direct application to health-care practices (e.g., efficacy of a fall prevention program).
Applied research
Basic + applied research =
translational research, when findings from the laboratory are used to generate clinical research
occurs when the hypothesis is accepted, yet is actually false.
Type 1 error
occurs when the hypothesis is rejected, yet is true
Type 2 error
characteristics of people, activities, situations, or environments that are identified and/or measured in a study and have more than one value
Variables
may be assigned a number and compared (e.g., control and intervention groups, race, and geographical region)
Categorical variables
are numbers that have meaning in relation to one another (e.g., higher number means more of something)
Continuous variables
are manipulated or compared in a study.
When more than one is included, the study has a factorial design, meaning the interaction or impact of both independent variables can be examined simultaneously.
IV
observed and, in the case of an experimental study, are intended to measure the result of the manipulation
DV
remain constant.
They could potentially affect the outcome of a study, but they are controlled by the design of the study or the statistical procedures used
Control variable
tracked and then later examined to determine their influence
Extraneous variables
