Brown Ch 4; Portney Ch 22

Question 1

M, x

Answer 1

mean of a sample

Question 2

M (sd)

Answer 2

Mean and standard deviation of a
samples

Question 3

s, sd, o

Answer 3

standard deviation of a sample

Question 4

s2

Answer 4

Variance of a sample

Question 5

N, n

Answer 5

Number of participants

Question 6

provide an analysis of the data that helps describe, show, or summarize it in a meaningful way such that patterns can emerge

Answer 6

Descriptive statistics

Question 7

techniques that allow us to use study samples to make generalizations that apply to the population

Answer 7

Inferential statistics

Question 8

used to describe how often something occurs.
•Typically, the actual number or count is provided, along with a percentage.

Answer 8

Frequencies

Question 9

the count that indicates how often something occurs within a given interval

Answer 9

frequency distribution

Question 10

presents the data in columns and rows so it can be interpreted horizontally and vertically.

•Graphs present information pictorially, allowing the reader to “see” patterns.

Answer 10

frequency table

Question 11

frequency distribution represented in a bar graph.
•The vertical (y) axis identifies the frequency with which a score occurs.
•The horizontal (x) axis presents the values of the scores.

Answer 11

histogram

Question 12

only appropriate for representing frequencies when all of the “slices,” or categories, of the pie total 100%

Answer 12

Pie chart

Question 13

describes the location of the center of a distribution.

Answer 13

Measure of central tendency

Question 14

value that occurs most frequently in the distribution

Answer 14

Mode

Question 15

the same as the average and balances the scores above and below it

Answer 15

Mean

Question 16

the score value that divides the distribution into the lower and upper halves of the scores

Answer 16

Median

Question 17

the spread of the data and is another way to compare data sets

Answer 17

Variability

Question 18

measure of variability that indicates the lowest and highest scores

Answer 18

Range

Question 19

the expression of the amount of spread in the frequency distribution and the average amount of deviation by which each individual score varies from the mean

Answer 19

Standard deviation

Question 20

an estimate of the standard deviations of multiple samples

Answer 20

Standard error of the mean

Question 21

Distributions of scores differ in terms of …

Answer 21

their measures of central tendency and variability

Question 22

The central tendency and variability of a data set provide…

Answer 22

important information for understanding a particular distribution of scores

Question 23

In a normal distribution, data points are distributed in a

Answer 23

symmetrical, bell-shape curve

Question 24

the spread of scores lacks symmetry, such that one end of the curve is longer than the other

Answer 24

Skewed distribution

Question 25

mode is a lower score than the mean, and the median falls between the mode and mean; there are more low scores, and the right tail is longer.

Answer 25

Positive skew

Question 26

mode is a higher score than the mean, and the median falls between the mode and mean; there are more high scores, and the left tail is longer.

Answer 26

Negative skew

Question 27

Used to characterize the shape, central tendency, and variability within a set of data.

Answer 27

Descriptive Statistics

Question 28

measures of population characteristics

Answer 28

Parameters

Question 29

descriptive index from sample data

Answer 29

Statistics

Question 30

Measures of Variability

Answer 30

●Range - Minimum to maximum
●Percentiles and quartiles
●Box plots
●Variance
●Standard deviation
●Coefficient of variation

Question 31

Examples of Descriptive Statistics

Answer 31

Coin rotation test

Question 32

Shapes of Distributions

Answer 32

●Normal (B)
●Skewed to right (A)
●Skewed to left (C)

Question 33

Coin Rotation Test (CRT) measures

Answer 33

Frequency distribution and cumulative percent

Question 34

Box represents the interquartile range

Horizontal line at median

“Whiskers” show minimum and maximum scores

Shows group B more variable

Answer 34

Box plots

Question 35

Also known as a bell-shaped distribution or Gaussian distribution.

Answer 35

The normal distribution

Question 36

68% of the scores are within

Answer 36

1 SD of the mean

Question 37

95% of the scores are within

Answer 37

2 Sd of the mean

Question 38

99% of scores are within

Answer 38

3 Sd of the mean

Question 39

A standardized score based on the normal distribution

Allows for interpretation of a score in relation to the sample mean and variance

Answer 39

Z-scores

Question 40

standard deviation units

Answer 40

z