Brown Ch 11 Flashcards
naturalistic inquiry, which suggests that a phenomenon is only understood in context and that multiple perspectives can and do exist and differ among individuals
uses inductive reasoning, in which data are collected and, based on that data, an understanding is reached
The philosophy behind qualitative research
Instead of specific, quantifiable questions, qualitative research questions are broad and general.
•They are open to revision and often change during the course of a study, exemplifying the discovery perspective that is central to research.
They avoid terminology such as “cause” or “relate,” because these words suggest an expected outcome and instead use “discover,” “inquire,” “describe,” and “explore.”
•Consistent with an exploratory perspective, they tend to begin with “what” or “how,” rather than “why.”
Qualitative research questions
Because each individual’s lived experience is unique and highly influenced by the real-world environments in which they live, qualitative research takes a naturalistic approach to the selection of participants and settings to study.
•Unlike sampling in quantitative research, qualitative sampling is often an ongoing process that is linked to data collection.
•Sampling continues until the emergent themes are fully developed and data saturation is reached.
Selection of participants and settings in qualitative research
purposive sampling
study participants and settings are selected for a purpose or a specific reason
snowball sampling
the initial participants are asked to recruit additional participants from their own social networks
used when the goal of the study is to construct a new theory.
‒These studies start with purposive sampling and, as theoretical concepts emerge, participants are selected who can contribute to the developing theory.
Theoretical sampling
Methods of data collection:
occurs in a real-world environment using naturalistic observation (events are observed as they naturally occur)
open-ended interview
In a semi-structured interview, an interview guide is created by researchers, along with follow-up probes, but the questions are still general and open-ended in nature
Focus groups allow multiple individuals to be…
interviewed at once to target a specific topic
objects that provide information about the subject of interest
Artifacts
When recording observations in the form of field notes, the focus is on…
watching and listening, and they describe both what is seen and the researcher’s impressions
In participant observation, the researcher…
engages with participants during their naturally occurring activities to gain a more in-depth understanding of the situation
participants take photographs and write accompanying narratives to answer specific questions
photovoice
Qualitative data analysis begins by
looking at data in its original form (e.g., interview transcripts or field notes), then coding the data to elicit themes and/or annotating documents
Data analysis is inductive..
with themes emerging from the data, as opposed to trying to fit data into pre-established themes
Data analysis and data collection are iterative processes:
as data is collected, it is analyzed, and this analysis leads to decisions about the need to collect more data and/or recruit new participants.
lengthy process that involves identifying patterns within the data that can be categorized for easy retrieval
Data analysis
created that includes a list of all the codes with operational definitions to enhance the rigor of the data analysis process.
multiple coders operate with the same definitions, which allows for a greater variety of perspectives and is a useful strategy for reducing subjectivity and bias.
Codebook
The results section of a qualitative study reports…
themes, describes what the themes mean, and often illustrates the themes through actual quotations from the study participants
The qualitative designs most commonly used in health-care research are
phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, narrative, and participatory
The purpose of phenomenology is
to understand and describe the lived experience from the point of view of the research participant
Particularly useful for situations that are poorly defined or potentially misunderstood
such as the process of coming to terms with a particular diagnosis or the client’s perspective of the therapy experience
Because it is impossible to remain totally unbiased, in phenomenological research, the researcher’s assumptions are identified and bracketed by
keeping a diary or concept mapping to identify preconceived ideas about a phenomenon, then keeping these biases in abeyance while collecting and interpreting qualitative data
The purpose of grounded theory is to
develop new theories from the data collected.
Uses the constant comparative method: instead of waiting until all data have been collected, some data are collected, and an analysis is performed to determine how more is needed
grounded theory
Data analysis in grounded theory research starts with
open coding (identifying simple categories within the data), then the categories are brought together in axial coding (identifies relationships between categories), and lastly selective coding involves the articulation of a theory based on the categories and their relationships
The purpose of ethnography is to
describe a group of people, their behaviors, and/or their culture
In ethnography Participants are generally referred to as INFORMANTS… why?
because they provide the researcher with an insider perspective
Unlike phenomenology, which describes, ethnography explains
after collecting data, the ethnographer spends time outside of the field to reflect on the experience and analyze the data
Narrative research can be characterized as
storytelling, which involves remembrances, retrospectives, and constructions that may focus on the recounting of an event or series of events, often in chronological order
Narrative research often appears
more literary than other forms of qualitative research, and it is not unusual for a narrative research article to contain a story line or plot
In participatory research
a critical group is given voice to represent their own interests and values and then to act on that information
True/False: Participants have more control over the research process and are involved in activities such as defining the study focus, recruitment, developing interview guides, analyzing data, developing themes, and disseminating the findings
True
Describe the lived experience
Interviews, focus groups, observation, bracketing
Description of the phenomenon
Phenomenology
Develop a theory that is derived from the data
Interviews
Focus groups
Observation
Constant comparative methods
Theory to explain data
Grounded theory
Describe a group of people or a culture
• Immersion in the field
• Participation in the culture
• Examination of artifacts
Description of a culture and/or theory about that culture
Ethnography
Tell a story
In-depth interview
Collection of artifacts
Construction of a coherent story
Narrative
Give voice and power to a group of individuals
Any qualitative or quantitative method
New knowledge and action based on that knowledge
Participatory
In mixed-methods research
both quantitative and qualitative methods are used to increase the breadth and depth of understanding of a research problem
Merging data, involves..
reporting quantitative and qualitative data together (e.g., themes and quotes are supported by quantitative statistics)
With connecting data, one set of data is used to…
inform a second set of data, often chronologically (e.g., qualitative data may be used to develop items for a quantitative measure, which is then examined for reliability and validity)
Embedding data involves…
one dataset as the primary source of information and a second dataset that serves as a supplement (e.g., quantitative efficacy study may be supplemented with qualitative data on the experience of the participants)
sample (instead of population, because qualitative research includes smaller groups and is less concerned with generalization)
S
phenomenon of interest (qualitative research is a type of descriptive study and often does not include an intervention)
PI
design (knowing the design assists the evidence-based practitioner in evaluating the strength of the study)
D
evaluation (qualitative research often relies on subjective constructs)
E
research type (allows for the inclusion of mixed methods studies)
R
To search for qualitative studies, enter SPIDER key words into a database, using this format:
[S AND PI] AND [(D OR E) AND R]
