Research Principles Flashcards
In what type of study design are data regarding presence or absence of exposure and disease collected simultaneously?
Cross sectional
What type of study tracks patients with a known exposure and follows them for an outcome?
case series
If cost and time were unlimited, which 2 study designs would yield the most robust data?
RCT and cohort
What type of study design compares subjects with a condition and compares to those without the condition?
Case control
What type of study design is longitudinal, comparing a group of people with a common characteristic for a defined period of time?
cohort study
What is the term used to describe when the null hypothesis is falsely rejected?
Type I error
What is the term used to describe when the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false?
Type II error
What is the term used to describe the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis due to chance?
p value
What is the term used to describe the probability of the occurrence of an event over the probability of a nonoccurrence?
odds ratio
What is the term used to describe the ratio of the risk of disease among an individual with an exposure vs. one who has not had an exposure?
relative risk
What is the term used to describe the percentage of people within a population with existing disease?
prevalence
What is the term used to describe the number of new disease cases in a given time period?
incidence
What is the term used to describe the fraction of all true positives that a test detects?
sensitivity = true positive / (true positive + false neg.)
What is the term used to describe the fraction of all negative tests that a test detects?
specificity = true negative / (false pos. + true neg.)
What is the term used to describe the probability that a positive test indicates disease?
positive predictive value
PPV = true pos / (true pos. + false pos.)
