Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology Flashcards
What 3 site produce B cells in the fetus?
bone marrow, spleen, liver
Which interleukin is a growth factor produced by stromal cells in the bone marrow and thymus and is required for B and T cell development?
IL-7 (IL-7Rα is a form of SCID)
Where do B cells undergo negative selection?
bone marrow
These small bodies of granular cells surrounded by concentric layers of modified epithelial cells are found in the medulla of the thymus.
Hassall’s corpuscles
The thymus is formed from what kind of embryonic tissue and from which pharyngeal pouches?
endoderm and mesoderm, third and fourth pharyngeal pouches
In which portion of the thymus do T cells undergo the final states of maturation?
Medulla
What is positive selection and where does it take place?
ensures T cells are able to respond to self MHC; occurs in the cortex
Where does T cell negative selection occur?
starts in the cortex (eliminates autoreactive) and finishes in the medulla (contributes to self tolerance)
What disease is associated with congenital thymic aplasia?
DiGeorge Syndrome (SCID)
Which immunodeficiency (hypogam) is associated with a thymoma in adults?
Good’s syndrome
Where are the majority of B cells located in the lymph node?
follicular area of the cortex
Where are the majority of T cells located in the lymph node?
parafollicular areas of the cortex
What is the difference between a primary and a secondary follicle in a lymph node?
A secondary follicle has a germinal center while a primary does not
Which chemokines bind to CCR7 on T cells and attract them from the blood, through HEV and into the T cell zone of the lymph node?
CCL19 and CCL21
The absence of a spleen leads to increased susceptibility to what kinds of organisms?
encapsulated - Neisseria meningiditis, H. flu, strep pneumo
What pathogen is associated with gastric MALT lymphoma?
H. pylori
How is nasal airflow regulated at the nasal valve?
through swelling of the inferior turbinate
What is the DDx for nasal polyps?
chronic rhinosinusitis, cystic fibrosis, NSAID sensitivity, tumors
What syndrome is characterized by ciliary dyskinesia, sinus inversus, bronchiectasis, and chronic sinusitis?
Kartagener’s syndrome
How is mucociliary clearance assessed?
saccharin test - placed on anterior of inferior turbinate and time the onset of sweet taste in mouth
What disease is characterized by reduced mucous clearing, chronic recurrent respiratory infections, bronchiectasis, infertility and occasionally hearing loss?
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Parasympathetic innervation controls glandular secretion and is mediated by what neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine - why anticholinergics work for rhinorrhea
What are the corkscrew shaped twists of condensed mucus seen in asthmatic sputum?
Curschmann’s spirals
What are the clusters of surface epithelial cells seen in asthmatic sputum?
Creola bodies
Which cell types predominate in the sputum of COPD?
neutrophils, macrophages - NOT EOSINOPHILS
What disease is due to clonal proliferation of skin derived dendritic cells?
Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis
What is the ligand for c-kit on mast cells?
stem cell factor
Which cellular marker do macrophages express in the dermis?
CD68
What cell marker is expressed by dermal T cells, used in homing to the skin?
CLA-1 (cutaneous lymphocyte antigen
What chemokine is released by connective tissue mast cells that is not found in mucosal mast cells?
chymase
What condition is characterized by tense bullae, pruritis, and autoantibodies to BP180 and BP230?
Bullous pemphigoid
What condition is characterized by small bullae on elbows and knees, pruritis and gluten sensitivity?
Dermatitis herpetiformis
What condition is characterized by flaccid bullae, positive Nikolsky’s sign and autoantibodies to desmoglein 1 and 3?
Pemphigus vulgaris
In pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid, what molecules react with antigens in the basement membrane zone?
IgG and C3
What autoimmune skin disease is characterized by anti-centromere Ab?
Scleroderma (CREST)
What autoimmune skin disease is associated with U1-snRNP and PM-scl antibodies?
Mixed connective tissue disease
What antimicrobial peptide is synthesized in neutrophils in response to inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF?
defensins
What mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of EoE?
IL-5 and Eotaxin-3
