Research Methods & Stats Flashcards

1
Q

This kind of variable affects the direction and/or strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables

A

moderator

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2
Q

This kind of variable explains the relationship between independent and dependent variables

A

mediaator

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3
Q

These are not intentional parts of a research study, but affect the relationship between the study’s independent and dependent variables and make it difficult to determine if an apparent effect on an independent variable on a dependent variable is actually due to the independent variable

A

extraneous variables

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4
Q

Variables divide people into unordered categories

A

nominal

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5
Q

variables divide people into categories that are ordered in terms of magnitude

A

ordinal

Think ranks 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc

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6
Q

Variables measured assign people to ordered categories with the difference between adjacent categories being equal

A

Interval

Exp: IQ scores. Even if someone got a score of 0 that doesn’t mean they have zero intelligence. There is no absolute zero.

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7
Q

Variables assign people to ordered categories with the difference between adjacent categories being equal and the scale having an absolute zero point

A

Ratio

Think weight, yearly income

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8
Q

These graphs are used for nominal and ordinal data

A

bar graphs

nominal and ordinal data listed on x axis; numbers or percentages on y axis

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9
Q

These graphs are used for interval and ratio data

A

histograms

scores listed on x axis and numbers or percentages listed on y axis

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10
Q

Line graphs are also called

A

frequency polygons

used for interval and ratio data

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11
Q

In a negatively skewed distribution what has the highest value

A

mode has highest value

median has middle and mean has lowest

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12
Q

In a positively skewed distribution what has the highest value

A

the mean

median has middle value and mode has the lowest

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13
Q

The primary goal of this type of research is to derive a general, abstract theory of a process, action, or interaction based on the views of participants.
What is the primary data collection method?

A

Grounded Theory ; interviews and observation

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14
Q

The purpose of this research is to gain an in-depth understanding of the “lived experience” of participants. What is the primary source of information?

A

Phenomenology ; In-depth interviews

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15
Q

This kind of research involves studying participants in their natural culture or setting in their naturally occurring activities. What is the primary data collection method?

A

Ethnography ; participant observation

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16
Q

This is a method of identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns (themes) within data. It is a standalone method but can be a starting point for other method. What is the primary data method?

A

Thematic analysis ; in depth interviews and focus groups

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17
Q

This type of research is used to study the kind and quality of bx; it produces info that’s interpreted and summarized in a narrative description

A

Qualitative Research

18
Q

This type of research is used to identify and study differences in the amount of bx and produces data that’s numerically expressed

A

Quantitative research

19
Q

This is the research practice of comparing and combining different sources of evidence in order to reach a better understanding of the research topic. What type of research is it most associated with?

A

triangulation ; qualitative research (but also used in quantitative and mixed methods research)

Has 4 different types: methodological, data, investigator, theory

20
Q

This type of triangulation involves using the same method to obtain data at different times, in different settings, and from different people

A

Data triangulation

21
Q

This type of triangulation involves using 2 or more investigators to collect and analyze data

A

investigator triangulation

22
Q

This type of triangulation involves interpreting data using multiple theories, hypotheses, or perspectives

A

Theory triangulation

23
Q

This type of triangulation is the most commonly used type and involve using multiple methods to obtain data (e.g. interviews, focus groups, observations, questionnaires, documents)

A

Methodological triangulation

24
Q

This type of quantitative research is conducted to measure and describe a variable or set of variables as they exist naturally

A

descriptive research

25
Q

This type of research is used to determine the magnitude and direction of a relationship between 2 or more variables

A

correlational research

26
Q

the data collected in correlational research are often used to conduct what type of analyses

A

regression analysis or multiple regression analysis

27
Q

This type of research is conducted to determine if there’s a causal relationship between independent and dependent variables

A

experimental research

28
Q

what is the most important aspect of control for true experimental research

A

random assignment (of subjects to different levels of the independent variable)

29
Q

This type of validity is the extent to which it’s possible to derive an accurate conclusion about the cause-effect relationship between a study’s independent and dependent variable

A

internal validity

30
Q

This type of validity is the extent to which it is possible to generalize the conclusion about the cause and effect relationship between the independent and dependent variable

A

External validity

31
Q

This threat to internal validity refers to events that occur during the course of the study that are not apart of the study but affect its results (such as unintended events like a power outage)

A

History

Best way to control for this is to include more than one group and random assignment

32
Q

This threat to internal validity refers to physical, cognitive, and emotional changes that occur within subjects during the course of the study that are due to the passage of time and affect the study’s results

A

Maturation

The longer the study, the more likely it’s results will be threatened by maturation

Best way to control for this is to include more than one group and random assignment

33
Q

This threat to internal validity occurs when groups differ at the beginning of the study due to how they were assigned

A

Differential selection

Best way to control for this is random assignment

34
Q

This threat to internal validity occurs when participants are selected for inclusion in the study because of their extreme scores on a pretest. It occurs because many characteristics are not entirely stable over time and many measuring instruments are not perfectly reliable

A

Statistical Regression

Controlled by not including only extreme scorers in the study or by having more than one group that are equivalent in terms of extreme scores

35
Q

This threat to internal validity occurs when taking a pretest affects how participants respond on the postest

A

Testing

Controlled by not administering pretest or using the Solomon 4 group design

36
Q

This threat to internal validity occurs when the instrument used to measure the DV changes over time. For example, raters who get more accurate at rating over the course of the study

A

Instrumentation

Control this by ensuring that instruments don’t change over time, if not possible, consider potential effects in interpreting results

37
Q

This threat to internal validity occurs when participants drop out for different reasons than participants in other groups. So, the composition of the group is altered in a way that affects the results

A

Differential Attrition

This is hard to control for

38
Q

This threat to external validity occurs when participants respond differently to the IV due to receiving cues that inform what is expected of them (demand characteristics) or when the experimenter biases the results such as saying “good” for particular answers or not recording responses accurately (experimenter expectancy)

A

Reactivity

Control for use by using unobtrusive measures, deception, or single or double blind techniques

39
Q

This threat to external validity may occur when a within subjects research design is used and participants receive more than one level of the IV. This can cause carryover effects

A

Multiple treatment interference

This is controlled by counterbalancing; having different groups receive different levels of the IV in different orders. The Latin square is a type of counterbalanced design

40
Q

This threat to external validity occurs when research participants different from individuals in the population, and this affects how they respond to the IV (exp: self elected participants may be more motivated)

A

Selection treatment interaction

This is best controlled by random selection from the population

41
Q

This threat to external validity occurs when taking a pretest affects how participants respond to the IC

A

Pre-test treatment interaction.

This is best controlled by Solomon 4 group designW

42
Q
A