Physiological Psych & Pharmacology 2 Flashcards
Areas in the left (dominant) hemisphere mediate what
Happiness and other positive emotions
Damage to the left (dominant) hemisphere produces a ___________ that involves depression, anxiety, fear, and paranoia
Catastrophic reaction
Areas in the right (nondominant hemisphere) mediate what
sadness and other negative emotions
Damage to the right (nondominant) hemisphere produces a _______ that involves inappropriate difference and/or euphoria
indifference reaction
This part of the limbic system is responsible for recognizing fear in facial expressions, attaching emotions to memories, and evaluating incoming information to determine its emotional significant and then mediating the emotional reaction to it
Amygdala
This regulates the physical signs of emotions through its communication with the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland.
hypothalamus
What are the stages is Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome model of stress and what happens at each stage
- Alarm Reaction Stage (activity of sympathetic nervous system gives the body energy to respond to stressor with a fight or flight reaction)
- Resistance Stage (if stressor persists, cortisol continues to circulate to help body maintain energy level to cope with stressor)
- Exhaustion Stage (physiological processes begin to break down)
Why has Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome model of stress been challenged
research shows that physiological, psychological, and behavioral responses to stress aren’t all the same but are affected by the type of stress, the person’s genetic makeup, and their previous experiences (allostatic load model re-conceptualizes this)
The Allostatic Load Model posits that what is the key organ of stress (that determines what’s threatening and stressful)
the brain
________ refers to processes that allow the body to achieve stability by adapting to change
Allostasis
________ refers to an extended allostatic state that is due to chronic stress or repeated episodes of acute stress that can produce wear and tear on the body and brain
allostatic load
_________ is when allostatic load continues for days, weeks, or longer and has adverse effects on a person’s physical and psychological health
allostatic overload
This theory or emotion proposes that experiences of emotion follows physiological arousal (a person sees a bear in the woods and their heart beats fast and breathing more shallow and that causes them to feel afraid)
James-Lange Theory
This theory of emotion proposes that the experience of emotion and physiological arousal occur together when an environmental stimulus causes the thalamus to send signals to the cerebral cortex and sympathetic nervous system. This theory views all emotions as having similar physiological arousal
Cannon-Bard Theory
What is the facial feedback hypothesis
related to James-Lange Theory and predicts that facial expressions are associated with specific emotions and when we make them, we feel those emotions (smiling makes us feel happy)
This theory of emotion proposes that experiences of emotion are a result of physiological arousal followed by an attribution (cognitive label). It proposes that physiological arousal for most emotions are the same, but the cognitive appraisal, which is based on the external cues makes the differences
Schachter and Singer 2 factor theory
The epinephrine studies in which subjects looked for external cues to explain their ambiguous physiological arousal provides evidence for what theory of emotion
Schachter and Singer 2 factor theory
Also led to a lot of studies about the misattribution of emotion
What is Zillman’s excitation transfer theory
Related to Schachter and Singer’s 2 factor theory, this theory explains that residual physiological arousal from an event can be transferred to and amplify the arousal of a subsequent and unrelated event
(exp: watching a violent film can make people more likely to be aggressive to a confederate they encounter later)
This theory of emotion proposes that emotional reactions are due to cognitive appraisals and therefore 2 people experiencing the same event can have 2 different emotional reactions to it; Also proposes that physiological responses follow appraisals
Lazarus’ Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Lazarus’ Cognitive Appraisal Theory differentiates between 3 types of appraisal. What are they?
- Primary Appraisal- evaluating an event to determine if it’s stressful and if so what kind of stress? Is it a threat? Harm? Loss? etc (this can be determined by beliefs, values, expectations, etc)
- Secondary Appraisal- if the event is stressful, identifying coping options and if they have the resources to manage stress
- Reappraisal- person continues to monitor the situation and if they need to make changes to primary or secondary appraisal
LeDoux’s 2 System Theory proposes that what 2 systems are involved in mediating fear
- Subcortical System (survival system; low road)- responds quickly and automatically to sensory info about threats with physiological and behavior responses. The amygdala is a big part of this system
- Cortical System (conscious emotional system; high road)- processes info from the sense, subcortical system, memory, and uses cognition to determine if a stimulus is threatening and requires a fear response. Involves sensory cortex and frontal cortex.
Schizophrenia is due to ______ levels of what neurotransmitter
high levels of Dopamine (of hyperactive dopamine receptors)
Low levels of Dopamine in the substantia nigra is linked to what disorder
Parkinson’s
Excessive levels of dopamine in the caudate nucleus is linked to what disorder
Tourette’s
What dopamine pathway is known as the “reward circuit” and plays a role in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, alcohol, opiates, and other substances
Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway
ends in the striatum (nucleus accumbens)
The mesocortical dopaminergic pathway is involved with
emotion, motivation, and executive cognitive functions
The nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway is involved in
the production of purposeful movement
This neurotransmitter is involved with movement, personality, mood, and sleep
Dopamine
This neurotransmitter is involved in movement, arousal, attention, and memory
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Low levels of ACh in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus is linked to what
early memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s
This neurotransmitter contributes to movement, emotions, learning, and memory
Glutamate
Cell damage and death is caused by excessive amounts of what neurotransmitter
Glutamate
“Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity”
Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity can cause what conditions
stroke, seizure, neurodegenerative disease including Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s
This neurotransmitter is involved in arousal, attention, learning, memory, stress, and mood
Norepinephrine
According to the catecholamine hypothesis, some forms of Depression are caused by ___________ norepinephrine while mania is caused by _______________ norepinephrine
Depression caused by deficiency of norepinephrine and mania cause by excessive norepinephrine
This neurotransmitter is involved in arousal, sleep, sexual activity, mood, appetite, and pain
Serotonin
Depression and Increased risk of suicide have been linked to ___________ levels of serotonin
Low
Bulimia, OCD, and migraine’s have been linked to _________ levels of serotonin
Low
Higher than normal blood levels of serotonin have been found in individuals with which 2 disorders
Autism Spectrum and Chronic Schizophrenia (have enlarged cerebral ventricles or cerebral atrophy)
There’s evidence that people with anorexia have higher than normal brain levels of __________ which cause anxiety and obsessive thinking and that food restriction lowers these sxs
Serotonin
This neurotransmitter is involved in memory, mood, arousal, sleep, and motor control
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)
Low levels of GABA have been linked to
insomnia, seizures, and anxiety
Benzodiazepines reduce anxiety and induce sleep by amplifying the effects of what neurotransmitter
GABA
Degeneration of GABA and ACh in the basal ganglia contributes to the motor sxs of what
Huntington’s
Lobe where the auditory cortex is located
Temporal Lobe
Lobe where and Wernicke’s area is located;
Temporal Lobe
Damage to the arcuate fasciculus, which connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas causes what kind of aphasia which is characterized by intact comprehension with fluent speech that contains many errors, impaired repetition, and anomia
Conduction aphasia
Lobe where the somatosensory cortex is located and damage here can cause one or more somatosensory agnosias
Parietal Lobe
Inability to recognize objects by touch
Tactile agnosia
Lack of interest in or recognition of one or more parts of one’s own body
Asomatognosia
Denial of one’s illness
Anosognosia
What is hemispatial neglect (also known as contralateral neglect and unilateral neglect)
involves neglect of one’s side of the body and stimuli on that side of the body. Usually due to damage on right (nondominant) side of parietal lobe and involves neglect of left side of body
Involves inability to perform a motor activity in response to a verbal command (exp: pretend to comb your hair)
Ideomotor apraxia
Usually caused by damage to left (dominant) parietal lobe)
involves inability to plan and execute a task that requires a sequence of actions
(exp: inability to complete the steps needed to make a sandwich)
Ideational Apraxia
This syndrome involves finger agnosia, right-left disorientation, agraphia (loss of writing skills) and acalculia (loss of arithmetic skills)
Gerstmann’s syndrome
Gerstmann’s Syndrome, hemispatial neglect, ideomotor apraxia, and ideational apraxia are caused by damage to which lobe
Parietal lobe
This lobe contains the visual cortex
Occipital lobe
Damage to this lobe can cause visual agnosia, visual hallucinations, achromatopsia (loss of color vision), or cortical blindness
Occipital lobe
Occurs when the primary visual cortex is damaged while the eyes and optic nerves are intact
cortical blindness
When the visual cortex in the left hemisphere is damaged, blindness effects which visual field?
Right (vice versa for damage on the right side)
Occurs when you do not consciously see a visual stimulus but have appropriate physiological and behavioral responses to it (reaching for objects you claim you cannot see)
blindsight
(when it involves responding appropriately to an emotional visual stimulus without consciously seeing the stimulus, it’s referred to as affective blindsight)
Inability to recognize the faces of familiar people and in some cases, one’s own face
Prosopagnosia
(caused by bilateral lesions in the occipitotemporal junction)
Broca’s area is found in what lobe
Frontal lobe
The supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and primary motor cortex is found in which lobe
Front lobe
Thin outer layer of the brain; divided into right and left hemispheres
cerebral cortex
People with this disorder have slow, labored speech that consists primarily of nouns and verbs. They also exhibit impaired repetition and anomia. But their comprehension of written and spoken language stays relatively in tact
Broca’s aphasia
impaired comprehension of written and spoken language, impaired repetition, and anomia
Wernicke’s aphasia
inability to recall the names of familiar objects
anomia
Plays an important roles in executive functions, also known as higher-order cognitive functions including planning, decision making, social judgment, and self-monitoring; also contributes to working memory, prospective memory (memory for future events) , and emotion regulation
pre frontal cortex
Damage here can cause concrete thinking, impaired judgment and insight, poor planning ability, deficits in working memory, perseverative responses, and disinterest and apathy
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Damage here can cause poor impulse control, social inappropriateness, lack of concern for others, aggressive, and antisocial behavior, distractibility, and affective lability
Orbiotofrontal cortex
Damage here can cause impaired decision making and moral judgment, lack of insight, deficits in social cognition (impaired emotion recognition and reduced empathy), confabulation, and blunted emotional responses
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
In response to the supplementary motor cortex and premotor cortex, _________ executes movements by sending signals to the muscles
primary motor cortex
This area of the cortex is involved in planning and coordinating self-initiated complex movements and is active not only when people perform movements but also when they imagine performing them and when watching another perform them
Supplementary motor cortex
This area of the cortex is involved in planning and coordinating complex movements that are triggered by external (sensory) stimuli. Active when people perform movements and also when they imagine performing them or watching others perform them
Premotor cortex
For about 95% of right handed people and 50-70% of left handed people, written and spoken language, logical and analytical thinking, and positive emotions are _____ hemisphere functions
left
For most people, holistic thinking, intuition, understanding spatial relationships, creativity, and negative emotions are functions of the ____ hemisphere
right
Which is the dominant hemisphere for most people and which is the nondominant
left is dominant; right is nondominant
For most sensory and motor functions the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body. What is the exception
smell; odors that enter the left nostril are transmitted directly to the left hemisphere and vice versa
The main bundle of nerve fibers that allows the two hemispheres to share information with each other
corpus callosum
Finger agnosia, left-right confusion, agraphia, and acalculia are sxs of what syndrome and are due to damage where in what lobe of the brain
Gerstmann’s syndrome ;
Parietal lobe
The ________ helps maintain the body’s homeostasis by regulating body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and other important fxs
hypothalamus
Electrical stimulation of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) will have which effect
A sleeping person will wake up and an awake person will become more alert
