Physiological Psych & Pharmacology 2

Question 1

Areas in the left (dominant) hemisphere mediate what

Answer 1

Happiness and other positive emotions

Question 2

Damage to the left (dominant) hemisphere produces a ___________ that involves depression, anxiety, fear, and paranoia

Answer 2

Catastrophic reaction

Question 3

Areas in the right (nondominant hemisphere) mediate what

Answer 3

sadness and other negative emotions

Question 4

Damage to the right (nondominant) hemisphere produces a _______ that involves inappropriate difference and/or euphoria

Answer 4

indifference reaction

Question 5

This part of the limbic system is responsible for recognizing fear in facial expressions, attaching emotions to memories, and evaluating incoming information to determine its emotional significant and then mediating the emotional reaction to it

Answer 5

Amygdala

Question 6

This regulates the physical signs of emotions through its communication with the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland.

Answer 6

hypothalamus

Question 7

What are the stages is Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome model of stress and what happens at each stage

Answer 7

1. Alarm Reaction Stage (activity of sympathetic nervous system gives the body energy to respond to stressor with a fight or flight reaction)
2. Resistance Stage (if stressor persists, cortisol continues to circulate to help body maintain energy level to cope with stressor)
3. Exhaustion Stage (physiological processes begin to break down)

Question 8

Why has Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome model of stress been challenged

Answer 8

research shows that physiological, psychological, and behavioral responses to stress aren’t all the same but are affected by the type of stress, the person’s genetic makeup, and their previous experiences (allostatic load model re-conceptualizes this)

Question 9

The Allostatic Load Model posits that what is the key organ of stress (that determines what’s threatening and stressful)

Answer 9

the brain

Question 10

________ refers to processes that allow the body to achieve stability by adapting to change

Answer 10

Allostasis

Question 11

________ refers to an extended allostatic state that is due to chronic stress or repeated episodes of acute stress that can produce wear and tear on the body and brain

Answer 11

allostatic load

Question 12

_________ is when allostatic load continues for days, weeks, or longer and has adverse effects on a person’s physical and psychological health

Answer 12

allostatic overload

Question 13

This theory or emotion proposes that experiences of emotion follows physiological arousal (a person sees a bear in the woods and their heart beats fast and breathing more shallow and that causes them to feel afraid)

Answer 13

James-Lange Theory

Question 14

This theory of emotion proposes that the experience of emotion and physiological arousal occur together when an environmental stimulus causes the thalamus to send signals to the cerebral cortex and sympathetic nervous system. This theory views all emotions as having similar physiological arousal

Answer 14

Cannon-Bard Theory

Question 15

What is the facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 15

related to James-Lange Theory and predicts that facial expressions are associated with specific emotions and when we make them, we feel those emotions (smiling makes us feel happy)

Question 16

This theory of emotion proposes that experiences of emotion are a result of physiological arousal followed by an attribution (cognitive label). It proposes that physiological arousal for most emotions are the same, but the cognitive appraisal, which is based on the external cues makes the differences

Answer 16

Schachter and Singer 2 factor theory

Question 17

The epinephrine studies in which subjects looked for external cues to explain their ambiguous physiological arousal provides evidence for what theory of emotion

Answer 17

Schachter and Singer 2 factor theory
Also led to a lot of studies about the misattribution of emotion

Question 18

What is Zillman’s excitation transfer theory

Answer 18

Related to Schachter and Singer’s 2 factor theory, this theory explains that residual physiological arousal from an event can be transferred to and amplify the arousal of a subsequent and unrelated event
(exp: watching a violent film can make people more likely to be aggressive to a confederate they encounter later)

Question 19

This theory of emotion proposes that emotional reactions are due to cognitive appraisals and therefore 2 people experiencing the same event can have 2 different emotional reactions to it; Also proposes that physiological responses follow appraisals

Answer 19

Lazarus’ Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Question 20

Lazarus’ Cognitive Appraisal Theory differentiates between 3 types of appraisal. What are they?

Answer 20

1. Primary Appraisal- evaluating an event to determine if it’s stressful and if so what kind of stress? Is it a threat? Harm? Loss? etc (this can be determined by beliefs, values, expectations, etc)
2. Secondary Appraisal- if the event is stressful, identifying coping options and if they have the resources to manage stress
3. Reappraisal- person continues to monitor the situation and if they need to make changes to primary or secondary appraisal

Question 21

LeDoux’s 2 System Theory proposes that what 2 systems are involved in mediating fear

Answer 21

1. Subcortical System (survival system; low road)- responds quickly and automatically to sensory info about threats with physiological and behavior responses. The amygdala is a big part of this system
2. Cortical System (conscious emotional system; high road)- processes info from the sense, subcortical system, memory, and uses cognition to determine if a stimulus is threatening and requires a fear response. Involves sensory cortex and frontal cortex.

Question 22

Schizophrenia is due to ______ levels of what neurotransmitter

Answer 22

high levels of Dopamine (of hyperactive dopamine receptors)

Question 23

Low levels of Dopamine in the substantia nigra is linked to what disorder

Answer 23

Parkinson’s

Question 24

Excessive levels of dopamine in the caudate nucleus is linked to what disorder

Answer 24

Tourette’s

Question 25

What dopamine pathway is known as the "reward circuit" and plays a role in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, alcohol, opiates, and other substances

Answer 25

Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway ends in the striatum (nucleus accumbens)

Question 26

The mesocortical dopaminergic pathway is involved with

Answer 26

emotion, motivation, and executive cognitive functions

Question 27

The nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway is involved in

Answer 27

the production of purposeful movement

Question 28

This neurotransmitter is involved with movement, personality, mood, and sleep

Answer 28

Dopamine

Question 29

This neurotransmitter is involved in movement, arousal, attention, and memory

Answer 29

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 30

Low levels of ACh in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus is linked to what

Answer 30

early memory loss associated with Alzheimer's

Question 31

This neurotransmitter contributes to movement, emotions, learning, and memory

Answer 31

Glutamate

Question 32

Cell damage and death is caused by excessive amounts of what neurotransmitter

Answer 32

Glutamate "Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity"

Question 33

Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity can cause what conditions

Answer 33

stroke, seizure, neurodegenerative disease including Huntington's and Alzheimer's

Question 34

This neurotransmitter is involved in arousal, attention, learning, memory, stress, and mood

Answer 34

Norepinephrine

Question 35

According to the catecholamine hypothesis, some forms of Depression are caused by ___________ norepinephrine while mania is caused by _______________ norepinephrine

Answer 35

Depression caused by deficiency of norepinephrine and mania cause by excessive norepinephrine

Question 36

This neurotransmitter is involved in arousal, sleep, sexual activity, mood, appetite, and pain

Answer 36

Serotonin

Question 37

Depression and Increased risk of suicide have been linked to ___________ levels of serotonin

Answer 37

Low

Question 38

Bulimia, OCD, and migraine's have been linked to _________ levels of serotonin

Answer 38

Low

Question 39

Higher than normal blood levels of serotonin have been found in individuals with which 2 disorders

Answer 39

Autism Spectrum and Chronic Schizophrenia (have enlarged cerebral ventricles or cerebral atrophy)

Question 40

There's evidence that people with anorexia have higher than normal brain levels of __________ which cause anxiety and obsessive thinking and that food restriction lowers these sxs

Answer 40

Serotonin

Question 41

This neurotransmitter is involved in memory, mood, arousal, sleep, and motor control

Answer 41

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)

Question 42

Low levels of GABA have been linked to

Answer 42

insomnia, seizures, and anxiety

Question 43

Benzodiazepines reduce anxiety and induce sleep by amplifying the effects of what neurotransmitter

Answer 43

GABA

Question 44

Degeneration of GABA and ACh in the basal ganglia contributes to the motor sxs of what

Answer 44

Huntington's

Question 45

Lobe where the auditory cortex is located

Answer 45

Temporal Lobe

Question 46

Lobe where and Wernicke's area is located;

Answer 46

Temporal Lobe

Question 47

Damage to the arcuate fasciculus, which connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas causes what kind of aphasia which is characterized by intact comprehension with fluent speech that contains many errors, impaired repetition, and anomia

Answer 47

Conduction aphasia

Question 48

Lobe where the somatosensory cortex is located and damage here can cause one or more somatosensory agnosias

Answer 48

Parietal Lobe

Question 49

Inability to recognize objects by touch

Answer 49

Tactile agnosia

Question 50

Lack of interest in or recognition of one or more parts of one's own body

Answer 50

Asomatognosia

Question 51

Denial of one's illness

Answer 51

Anosognosia

Question 52

What is hemispatial neglect (also known as contralateral neglect and unilateral neglect)

Answer 52

involves neglect of one's side of the body and stimuli on that side of the body. Usually due to damage on right (nondominant) side of parietal lobe and involves neglect of left side of body

Question 53

Involves inability to perform a motor activity in response to a verbal command (exp: pretend to comb your hair)

Answer 53

Ideomotor apraxia Usually caused by damage to left (dominant) parietal lobe)

Question 54

involves inability to plan and execute a task that requires a sequence of actions (exp: inability to complete the steps needed to make a sandwich)

Answer 54

Ideational Apraxia

Question 55

This syndrome involves finger agnosia, right-left disorientation, agraphia (loss of writing skills) and acalculia (loss of arithmetic skills)

Answer 55

Gerstmann's syndrome

Question 56

Gerstmann's Syndrome, hemispatial neglect, ideomotor apraxia, and ideational apraxia are caused by damage to which lobe

Answer 56

Parietal lobe

Question 57

This lobe contains the visual cortex

Answer 57

Occipital lobe

Question 58

Damage to this lobe can cause visual agnosia, visual hallucinations, achromatopsia (loss of color vision), or cortical blindness

Answer 58

Occipital lobe

Question 59

Occurs when the primary visual cortex is damaged while the eyes and optic nerves are intact

Answer 59

cortical blindness

Question 60

When the visual cortex in the left hemisphere is damaged, blindness effects which visual field?

Answer 60

Right (vice versa for damage on the right side)

Question 61

Occurs when you do not consciously see a visual stimulus but have appropriate physiological and behavioral responses to it (reaching for objects you claim you cannot see)

Answer 61

blindsight (when it involves responding appropriately to an emotional visual stimulus without consciously seeing the stimulus, it's referred to as affective blindsight)

Question 62

Inability to recognize the faces of familiar people and in some cases, one's own face

Answer 62

Prosopagnosia (caused by bilateral lesions in the occipitotemporal junction)

Question 63

Broca's area is found in what lobe

Answer 63

Frontal lobe

Question 64

The supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and primary motor cortex is found in which lobe

Answer 64

Front lobe

Question 65

Thin outer layer of the brain; divided into right and left hemispheres

Answer 65

cerebral cortex

Question 66

People with this disorder have slow, labored speech that consists primarily of nouns and verbs. They also exhibit impaired repetition and anomia. But their comprehension of written and spoken language stays relatively in tact

Answer 66

Broca's aphasia

Question 67

impaired comprehension of written and spoken language, impaired repetition, and anomia

Answer 67

Wernicke's aphasia

Question 68

inability to recall the names of familiar objects

Answer 68

anomia

Question 69

Plays an important roles in executive functions, also known as higher-order cognitive functions including planning, decision making, social judgment, and self-monitoring; also contributes to working memory, prospective memory (memory for future events) , and emotion regulation

Answer 69

pre frontal cortex

Question 70

Damage here can cause concrete thinking, impaired judgment and insight, poor planning ability, deficits in working memory, perseverative responses, and disinterest and apathy

Answer 70

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 71

Damage here can cause poor impulse control, social inappropriateness, lack of concern for others, aggressive, and antisocial behavior, distractibility, and affective lability

Answer 71

Orbiotofrontal cortex

Question 72

Damage here can cause impaired decision making and moral judgment, lack of insight, deficits in social cognition (impaired emotion recognition and reduced empathy), confabulation, and blunted emotional responses

Answer 72

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 73

In response to the supplementary motor cortex and premotor cortex, _________ executes movements by sending signals to the muscles

Answer 73

primary motor cortex

Question 74

This area of the cortex is involved in planning and coordinating self-initiated complex movements and is active not only when people perform movements but also when they imagine performing them and when watching another perform them

Answer 74

Supplementary motor cortex

Question 75

This area of the cortex is involved in planning and coordinating complex movements that are triggered by external (sensory) stimuli. Active when people perform movements and also when they imagine performing them or watching others perform them

Answer 75

Premotor cortex

Question 76

For about 95% of right handed people and 50-70% of left handed people, written and spoken language, logical and analytical thinking, and positive emotions are _____ hemisphere functions

Answer 76

left

Question 77

For most people, holistic thinking, intuition, understanding spatial relationships, creativity, and negative emotions are functions of the ____ hemisphere

Answer 77

right

Question 78

Which is the dominant hemisphere for most people and which is the nondominant

Answer 78

left is dominant; right is nondominant

Question 79

For most sensory and motor functions the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body. What is the exception

Answer 79

smell; odors that enter the left nostril are transmitted directly to the left hemisphere and vice versa

Question 80

The main bundle of nerve fibers that allows the two hemispheres to share information with each other

Answer 80

corpus callosum

Question 81

Finger agnosia, left-right confusion, agraphia, and acalculia are sxs of what syndrome and are due to damage where in what lobe of the brain

Answer 81

Gerstmann's syndrome ; Parietal lobe

Question 82

The ________ helps maintain the body's homeostasis by regulating body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and other important fxs

Answer 82

hypothalamus

Question 83

Electrical stimulation of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) will have which effect

Answer 83

A sleeping person will wake up and an awake person will become more alert